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Published	09/17/2023	What are the margins of the oral cavity...DorsalLateralVentralCaudal
Published	09/17/2023	What elements make up the hard palate?
Published	09/17/2023	what is the philtrum
Published	09/17/2023	what muscles are the most important for facial expression
Published	09/17/2023	what type of nerves are within the face
Published	09/17/2023	What types of animals have more keratinized mouths and why
Published	09/17/2023	difference in lips?(carnivore vs herbivore)
Published	09/17/2023	boundries of the pharynxDorsallyVentrallyLatterally
Published	09/17/2023	what are the 3 parts of the pharynx
Published	09/17/2023	Characteristics/function of the soft pallet
Published	09/17/2023	charachteristics of the hyoid apparatus
Published	09/17/2023	characteristics of tongue
Published	09/17/2023	what are the four muscles of the tongue
Published	09/17/2023	what is the frenulum?
Published	09/17/2023	Four types of papillae
Published	09/17/2023	filiform/coniform papillae function
Published	09/17/2023	fungiform, foliate and vallate papillae function
Published	09/17/2023	what is the pathway of swallowing
Published	09/17/2023	What nerves are associated with swallowing
Published	09/17/2023	Three centers of lymphatic drainage of the head:
Published	09/17/2023	What is the mammalian dental formula?
Published	09/17/2023	What are the layers of the tooth
Published	09/17/2023	types of tooth tissue
Published	09/17/2023	what is the pulp cavity?
Published	09/17/2023	what forms dentine within teeth
Published	09/17/2023	list the periodontal structures
Published	09/17/2023	What are teeth sockets/their function
Published	09/17/2023	what is hetrodonty
Published	09/17/2023	diphydonty in mammals
Published	09/17/2023	what is the eruption of permanent teeth?How does it erupt?
Published	09/17/2023	What is digestion
Published	09/17/2023	what are the three energy rich macronutrients?
Published	09/17/2023	What are other important nutrients in the diet?
Published	09/17/2023	What makes up the digestive system
Published	09/17/2023	functions of digestive system
Published	09/17/2023	Four steps of digestion
Published	09/17/2023	what is a nutritional niche
Published	09/17/2023	types of metabolic ratetotal metabolic rate vs mass-specific metabolic rate
Published	09/17/2023	what is a main difference between digestion in carnivores vs herbivores
Published	09/17/2023	How do equines chew and why?
Published	09/17/2023	What adaptations assist in the equine diet/mechanism of eating?
Published	09/17/2023	How are Equine teeth numbered?
Published	09/17/2023	List some of the abnormalities found in equine dentistry.
Published	09/17/2023	What are some of the common signs of dental disease in horses?
Published	09/17/2023	What are common parts of a routine dental examination in a horse?
Published	09/17/2023	How often should equine dentals be done?
Published	09/17/2023	Define Metabolism
Published	09/17/2023	List 3 energy dependent (ATP dependent) processes that occur while the body is at rest
Published	09/17/2023	How many molecules of pyruvate (3 carbon molecule) are produced from the oxidation of one molecule of glucose (6 carbon molecule) during glycolysis?
Published	09/17/2023	What is the net energy yield of a single molecule of glucose under (a) anaerobic conditions (b) aerobic conditions?
Published	09/17/2023	Name 3 enzymes involved in the regulation of the rate of glycolysis
Published	09/17/2023	In which direction (stimulate or inhibit) would citrate influence the activity of phosphfructokinase when a cell is rich in ATP and NADH?
Published	09/17/2023	The pentose phosphate pathway branches from glycolysis at the level of glucose 6-phosphate. What are its functions?
Published	09/17/2023	Why does the activity of the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase have to be highly regulated in animals?
Published	09/17/2023	TCA cycle intermediates can be used for biosynthesis. Name three of these intermediates and the factors that can be synthesised from them?
Published	09/17/2023	One substrate level phosphorylation event occurs during the TCA cycle. What is the product?
Published	09/17/2023	Which of the TCA cycle enzymes is bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane?
Published	09/17/2023	During fasting, glucose can be synthesised by gluconeogenesis. Name 4 precursors for gluconeogenesis. In which organs does gluconeogenesis take place?
Published	09/17/2023	Name 3 important co-enzymes involved in central pathways of metabolism and describe their functions.
Published	09/17/2023	Why are B vitamins particularly important for metabolism? Name two coenzymes that are derived from B vitamins and the reactions in which they are invo…
Published	09/17/2023	What is the action of each of the following families of enzymes (a) dehydrogenases (b) kinases (c) phosphatases (d) isomerases (e) mutases (f) carboxy…
Published	09/17/2023	How do you prep an area for surgery?
Published	09/17/2023	List the digestive organs
Published	09/17/2023	What is the function of the esophagus
Published	09/17/2023	What is the function of the stomach?
Published	09/17/2023	Label the image below.What GI organ is shown?
Published	09/17/2023	What is the exit point from the stomach?(transiton point from stomach to SI)
Published	09/17/2023	What is the function of the SI?
Published	09/17/2023	What are the four layers/cell types within the GI?
Published	09/17/2023	Label the image below.What part of the SI shown?
Published	09/17/2023	Which part of the SI is responsible for most of the absorption
Published	09/17/2023	What is the significance of the Crypts of Leiberkuhn within the SI?
Published	09/17/2023	What is the function of the LI?
Published	09/17/2023	What is the potential space between the folds of the greater omentum?
Published	09/17/2023	What is the pathway of digestion?
Published	09/17/2023	What are the functions of saliva
Published	09/17/2023	What enzymes are in saliva
Published	09/17/2023	What produces Histamine
Published	09/17/2023	How does the stomach assist in absorption of vit B12
Published	09/17/2023	What are the pacemaker cells of the stomach?
Published	09/17/2023	What impacts the rate of stomach emptying
Published	09/17/2023	What are the cells of the Gastric Mucosa
Published	09/17/2023	What are the 3 major salivary glands?
Published	09/17/2023	What are the three elements of the portal triad?
Published	09/17/2023	Where does the liver drain?
Published	09/17/2023	What is the difference between lobes and lobules?
Published	09/17/2023	What is the function of the pancreas?
Published	09/17/2023	Where are the left and right lobes of the pancreas located?
Published	09/17/2023	Where is the galbladder located?
Published	09/17/2023	What is the function of the galbladder?
Published	09/17/2023	What is the function of the exocrine pancreatic juices?
Published	09/17/2023	What types of cells are contained in the pancreatic juices? What are their function?
Published	09/17/2023	Which species has continuous pancreatic secretion?
Published	09/17/2023	Which cell is a star shaped macrophage?
Published	09/17/2023	What are the three parts of the SI
Published	09/17/2023	Bile is produced by what
Published	09/17/2023	Bile salts aid in the absorption of?
Published	09/17/2023	A gallbladder is absent in which species?
Published	09/17/2023	Villi are found on the walls of which intestine?
Published	09/17/2023	What motility patterns does the SI have?
Published	09/17/2023	What motility patterns does the LI have?
Published	09/17/2023	What type are each of the following teeth?
Published	09/17/2023	Label/number each of the teeth based on the triadian number.
Published	09/17/2023	what is the function of the mandibular canal
Published	09/17/2023	what occupies the narrow lucent space around the tooth indicated in the picture below?
Published	09/17/2023	Which tooth is indicated by 2?What opening is indicated by 3 that allows nerves and vessels to enter the tooth?
Published	09/17/2023	Why can nasal discharge in horses be related to dental disease?
Published	09/17/2023	What are the two types of fermentation chambers?
Published	09/17/2023	How many chambers are in the ruminent stomach
Published	09/17/2023	What is the function of the Reticulum?
Published	09/17/2023	what part of the ruminent stomach is shown below
Published	09/17/2023	What is the function of the reticular groove/esophageal groove?
Published	09/17/2023	What is the function of the Rumen
Published	09/17/2023	Where do the laminae aries from in the omasum
Published	09/17/2023	What are the four parts of the ruminent stomach
Published	09/17/2023	where is the glandular function in the ruminant stomach
Published	09/17/2023	Label the structures of the GI below
Published	09/17/2023	What marks the end of the pelvic canal
Published	09/17/2023	What is the largest part of the ruminent stomach at birth?
Published	09/17/2023	Where do the major pancreatic and bile duct open?
Published	09/17/2023	Why does the LI have a large capacity in horses?
Published	09/17/2023	What facilitates fat digestion
Published	09/17/2023	Which cranial nerve supplies motor innervation to the tongue
Published	09/17/2023	Which horse typically has canine teeth, male or female?
Published	09/17/2023	What is the major storage carb (non-structural) in temperate grasses?
Published	09/17/2023	How can the digestive phase be described?
Published	09/17/2023	What salviary gland is largest in the pig?
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