Notes in Chapter_22:_Thyroid

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Published	07/07/2024	The embryologic origin of the thyroid is the {{c2::1st}} and {{c2::2nd}} pharyngeal {{c1::arches}}
Published	07/07/2024	The first branch off the external carotid artery is the {{c1::superior thyroid}} artery
Published	07/07/2024	The inferior thyroid artery branches off the {{c1::thyrocervical trunk}}
Published	07/07/2024	1% of patients have a(n) {{c1::thyroid ima}} artery, which goes to the isthmus of the thyroid
Published	07/07/2024	The {{c2::superior}} and {{c2::middle}} thyroid veins drain into the {{c1::internal jugular}} vein
Published	07/07/2024	The {{c2::inferior}} thyroid vein drains into the {{c1::innominate}} vein
Published	07/07/2024	The superior laryngeal nerve supplies motor innervation to the {{c1::cricothyroid}} muscle
Published	07/07/2024	The superior laryngeal nerve runs {{c1::lateral}} to the thyroid lobes
Published	07/07/2024	The recurrent laryngeal nerve runs {{c1::posterior}} to the thyroid lobes in the {{c2::tracheoesophageal groove}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most commonly injured nerve during a thyroidectomy is the {{c1::superior laryngeal}} nerve
Published	07/07/2024	Injury to the superior laryngeal nerve results in loss of {{c1::high pitched voice}} and easy voice fatigability
Published	07/07/2024	The left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops around the {{c1::aorta}}
Published	07/07/2024	The right recurrent laryngeal nerve loops around the {{c1::innominate artery}}
Published	07/07/2024	Unilateral injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve results in {{c1::hoarseness}}
Published	07/07/2024	Bilateral injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve results in {{c1::airway obstruction}}
Published	07/07/2024	The presence of a non-recurrent laryngeal nerve is more common on the {{c1::right}} side
Published	07/07/2024	The thyroid is connected to the trachea via the ligament of {{c1::Berry}}
Published	07/07/2024	The ligament of Berry is also known as the {{c1::suspensory}} ligament of the thyroid
Published	07/07/2024	The thyroid protein that stores T3 and T4 in colloid is {{c1::thyroglobulin}}
Published	07/07/2024	The normal plasma T4:T3 ratio is {{c1::15}} to {{c1::1}}
Published	07/07/2024	The liver protein that binds the majority of T3 and T4 in circulation is {{c1::thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG…
Published	07/07/2024	Projections of normal thyroid tissue from the posteromedial margin of the thyroid gland are known as {{c1::tubercles of Zuckerkandl}}
Published	07/07/2024	Stridor after thyroidectomy due to bleeding is treated with {{c1::surgical removal of the hematoma}}
Published	07/07/2024	Thyroid storm is most common after surgery in a patient with undiagnosed {{c1::Graves' disease}}
Published	07/07/2024	The first drug to give during thyroid storm is {{c1::beta blockers}}
Published	07/07/2024	Iodine administration treats thyroid storm due to the {{c1::Wolff-Chaikoff}} effect
Published	07/07/2024	Most (90%) of thyroid nodules are {{c1::benign}}(benign or malignant)
Published	07/07/2024	The best initial test for an asymptomatic thyroid nodule is {{c1::fine needle aspiration (FNA)}}
Published	07/07/2024	A thyroid nodule that shows follicular cells on FNA is treated with {{c1::lobectomy}}
Published	07/07/2024	A thyroid nodule that shows cyst fluid on FNA is treated with {{c1::drainage}}
Published	07/07/2024	Cystic fluid from a thyroid nodule on FNA that recurs or is bloody is treated with {{c1::lobectomy}}
Published	07/07/2024	A thyroid nodule that shows colloid tissue on FNA has a {{c1::low}} chance of being malignant(low or high)
Published	07/07/2024	The treatment for a thyroid nodule that shows colloid tissue on FNA is {{c1::thyroxine}}
Published	07/07/2024	A thyroid nodule that has normal thyroid tissue on FNA but with elevated thyroid function tests is likely a(n) {{c1::solitary toxic nodule}}
Published	07/07/2024	A thyroid nodule that has an indeterminant FNA is followed up with a(n) {{c1::radionuclide}} study
Published	07/07/2024	A thyroid nodule is treated with lobectomy if it is {{c1::cold}} on a radionuclide study(hot or cold)
Published	07/07/2024	Any abnormal enlargement of the thyroid is known as a(n) {{c1::goiter}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common identifiable cause of a thyroid goiter is {{c1::iodine deficiency}}
Published	07/07/2024	Diffuse enlargement of the thyroid without evidence of functional abnormality is known as a(n) {{c1::nontoxic}} goiter
Published	07/07/2024	Diffuse enlargement of the thyroid with evidence of hyperfunctionality is known as a(n) {{c1::toxic}} goiter
Published	07/07/2024	Nontoxic thyroid goiters are typically treated with {{c1::thyroxine}}
Published	07/07/2024	Goiters that extend into the thoracic cavity are known as {{c1::substernal}} goiters
Published	07/07/2024	A substernal goiter that arises from ectopic thyroid tissue in the mediastinum is known as a {{c1::primary}} substernal goiter(primary or secondary)
Published	07/07/2024	A substernal goiter that descends from the neck and passes below the thoracic inlet is known as a {{c1::secondary}} substerna…
Published	07/07/2024	Primary substernal goiters are {{c1::less}} common than secondary substernal goiters(more or less)
Published	07/07/2024	10% of patients have a(n) {{c1::pyramidal}} lobe of the thyroid, which extends towards the thymus
Published	07/07/2024	A lingual thyroid is thyroid tissue that persists in the {{c1::foramen cecum}} at the base of the tongue
Published	07/07/2024	Thyroglossal duct cysts present as midline cervical masses between the {{c2::hyoid bone}} and the {{c1::thyroid isthmus}}
Published	07/07/2024	The first line drug for hyperthyroidism is {{c1::methimazole}}
Published	07/07/2024	Patients with hyperthyroidism who are poor surgical candidates or unresponsive to methimazole are treated with {{c1::131I}}
Published	07/07/2024	Pregnant patients with hyperthyroidism can be treated with surgical resection during the {{c1::2nd}} trimester
Published	07/07/2024	The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is {{c1::Graves' disease}}
Published	07/07/2024	Symptoms specific to Graves' disease are {{c2::exophthalmos}} and {{c1::pretibial edema}}
Published	07/07/2024	Graves' disease is caused by IgG antibodies against the {{c1::TSH receptor}}
Published	07/07/2024	95% of the time, Graves' disease is successfully treated with {{c1::medical therapy}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common indication for surgery in Graves' disease is {{c1::presence of suspicious nodule}}
Published	07/07/2024	The drugs given to a patient prior to surgery for Graves' disease are {{c3::methimazole}}, {{c2::beta-blocker}}, and {{c1::Lugol's solution}}
Published	07/07/2024	The preferred initial treatment for a toxic multinodular goiter is usually {{c1::surgery}}
Published	07/07/2024	The preferred initial treatment for a single toxic thyroid nodule is usually {{c1::medical therapy}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common cause of hypothyroidism in adults is {{c1::Hashimoto's thyroiditis}}
Published	07/07/2024	Hashimoto's thyroiditis causes a goiter due to {{c1::trapped iodide}} inside the thyroid
Published	07/07/2024	The first line treatment for Hashimoto's thyroiditis is {{c1::thyroxine}}
Published	07/07/2024	Bacterial thyroiditis is usually secondary to {{c2::contiguous}} spread and is treated with {{c1::antibiotics}}
Published	07/07/2024	Inflammation of the thyroid that is associated with elevated ESR and a tender thyroid is {{c1::De Quervain's}} thyroiditis
Published	07/07/2024	The treatment for De Quervain's thyroiditis is {{c2::steroids}} and {{c1::aspirin}}
Published	07/07/2024	Extensive fibrosis and inflammatory infiltration of the thyroid that extends into adjacent tissues is {{c1::Riedel's}} thyroiditis
Published	07/07/2024	The medical treatment for Riedel's thyroiditis is {{c2::steroids}} and {{c1::thyroxine}}
Published	07/07/2024	Symptoms of airway compromise in Riedel's thyroiditis are treated surgically with tracheostomy or {{c1::isthmectomy}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common endocrine malignancy in the US is {{c1::thyroid}} cancer
Published	07/07/2024	The most common thyroid cancer is {{c1::papillary thyroid}} carcinoma
Published	07/07/2024	Childhood radiation therapy to the neck is an important risk factor for {{c1::papillary}} thyroid carcinoma
Published	07/07/2024	Metastases from papillary thyroid carcinoma (rare) usually go to the {{c1::lung}}
Published	07/07/2024	Papillary thyroid carcinoma in children is {{c1::more}} likely to be node positive than in adults(more or less)
Published	07/07/2024	Pathology for papillary thyroid carcinoma shows {{c2::psammoma}} bodies and {{c1::Orphan Annie}} nuclei
Published	07/07/2024	Papillary thyroid carcinoma is a type of thyroid cancer with the {{c1::best}} prognosis(best or worst)
Published	07/07/2024	Follicular thyroid carcinoma, when metastatic, spreads {{c1::hematogenously}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common location of metastasis for follicular thyroid carcinoma is {{c1::bone}}
Published	07/07/2024	Indications for a total thyroidectomy for papillary or follicular thyroid carcinoma are size > {{c2::1}} cm or previous {{c1::XRT}}
Published	07/07/2024	An indication for modified radical neck dissection (MRND) for papillary or follicular thyroid carcinoma is {{c1::extra-thyroidal disease}}
Published	07/07/2024	Post-op 131I treatment for papillary and follicular thyroid cancer is indicated for tumor size > {{c2::1}} cm and {{c1::extra-thyroidal}}…
Published	07/07/2024	Post-op 131I treatment for papillary and follicular thyroid cancer is only effective after {{c1::total thyroidectomy}}
Published	07/07/2024	Papillary thyroid carcinoma that has spread to neck lymph nodes is treated with total thyroidectomy, {{c1::MRND}}, and 131I
Published	07/07/2024	Risk factors for thyroid carcinoma recurrence or metastases can be remembered with X-GAMES{{c1::Previous XRT}}{{c2::High Grade}}{{c3::Age (<20 or &…
Published	07/07/2024	Medullary thyroid carcinoma from MEN 2 syndromes is {{c1::less}} common than from sporadic cases
Published	07/07/2024	The first manifestation of MEN 2a and 2b syndromes is usually {{c1::medullary thyroid carcinoma}}, which presents with {{c2::diarrhea}}
Published	07/07/2024	Medullary thyroid carcinoma arises from {{c1::parafollicular C}} cells that secrete calcitonin
Published	07/07/2024	Amyloid deposition can be seen in {{c1::medullary}} thyroid carcinoma
Published	07/07/2024	Patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma need to be screened for {{c2::hyperparathyroidism}} and {{c1::pheochromocytoma}}
Published	07/07/2024	Medullary thyroid carcinoma from MEN 2a has a {{c1::better}} prognosis than from MEN 2b(better or worse)
Published	07/07/2024	Medullary thyroid carcinoma is treated with {{c2::total thyroidectomy}} with {{c1::central neck node dissection}}
Published	07/07/2024	Prophylactic thyroidectomy and central node dissection are performed for MEN 2a at age {{c1::6}} year(s)
Published	07/07/2024	Prophylactic thyroidectomy and central node dissection are performed for MEN 2b at age {{c1::2}} yea…
Published	07/07/2024	Disease recurrence for medullary thyroid carcinoma can be monitored with serum {{c1::calcitonin}} levels
Published	07/07/2024	Most cases of Hurthle cell abnormalities in the thyroid are {{c1::benign}}(benign or malignant)
Published	07/07/2024	Pathology of Hurthle cell carcinoma shows {{c1::Ashkenazi}} cells
Published	07/07/2024	Hurthle cell carcinoma is typically treated with {{c1::lobectomy}}
Published	07/07/2024	Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is a type of thyroid cancer with the {{c1::worst}} prognosis(best or worst)
Published	07/07/2024	Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is usually treated with {{c1::palliative care}}
Published	07/07/2024	Which type(s) of thyroid carcinomas does XRT effectively treat?{{c1::Papillary, Follicular, Medullary, and Hurthle}}
Published	07/07/2024	Which type(s) of thyroid carcinomas does 131I effectively treat?{{c1::Papillary and Follicular}}
Published	07/07/2024	Is 131I treatment safe for breast feeding?{{c1::No}}
Published	07/07/2024	Thyroid replacement (thyroxine) can only be given {{c1::after}} 131I therapy(before or after)
Published	07/07/2024	131I therapy is started {{c1::4}}-{{c1::6}} weeks after thyroidectomy
Published	07/07/2024	In {{c2::80}}% of patients, the recurrent laryngeal nerve runs {{c3::pos}}terior and {{c3::medi}}al to the tubercle of {{c1::Zuckerkandl}}
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