Notes in 23RNAViruses

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	07/30/2024	The Dengue virus belongs to the {{c1::Flavivirus}} genus
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Dengue}} virus - Mosquito-borne infection with an incubation time of {{c2::4-7}} days characterized by {{c3::saddleback}} fever that lasts {{c3:…
Published	07/30/2024	Do the antibodies from the other 4 Dengue serotypes help fight of future infection?{{c1::N. They make it worse and lead to DHF or DSS}}
Published	07/30/2024	Dengue Treatment: {{c1::Supportive (Paracetamol or other antipyretics), Fluid replacement, Vector control}}
Published	07/30/2024	The representative of the orthomoxyviruses is the {{c1::influenza}} virus
Published	07/30/2024	What are the immunologic types of influenza and which are antigenically un/stable?{{c1::A, B (have antigenic variation)C (antigenically stable)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Antigenic differences in influenza are usually caused by changes in the {{c1::nucleocapsid (NP)}} and {{c1::matrix (M)}} proteins
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hemagglutinin}} - Major antigen of influenza that binds to susceptible host and neutralizes antibodies. Variation in strains result in vari…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Neuraminidase}} - Facilitates release of virus particles from infected cell surfaces during the budding process
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Antigenic drift}} - Occurs when minor change in antigenic structure as mutations accumulate.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Antigenic shift}} - Occurs when surface antigens sometimes change drastically. resulting in a new H or N antigen (new serotype)
Published	07/30/2024	Antigenic shift can only happen to what immunologic type of influenza?Type {{c1::A only}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Uncomplicated influenza::Clinical finding of influenza}} - Chills, headache, dry cough followed closely by high fever, generalized muscle aches,…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Reye syndrome::Clinical finding of influenza}} - Acute encephalopathy of children and adolescents, usually between 2 and 16 years of age, recove…
Published	07/30/2024	High fever, GI manifestations, and febrile seizures are clinical findings of uncomplicated influenza that may occur in {{c1::children::age group}}
Published	07/30/2024	Type {{c1::A}} influenza may present with croup in children
Published	07/30/2024	Can immunity from 1 influenza type protect you from other types?{{c1::N. However, antigenic drift may cause milder disease::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	Influenza antibodies to the {{c1::HA}} antigen will prevent initiation of infection
Published	07/30/2024	Influenza antibodies to the {{c1::NA}} antigen will lessen severity of disease and ability to transmit virus
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Inactivated::Inactivated/Live}} virus vaccines do not generate good local IgA or cell-mediated immune responses and they depend on previous…
Published	07/30/2024	Parainfluenza infections to the nose and throat are called {{c1::"common cold" syndrome}}
Published	07/30/2024	Parainfluenza infections to the larynx and upper trachea are called {{c1::croup}} and are more common with type/s {{c2::1 and 2}} and for infants…
Published	07/30/2024	Parainfluenza infections to the lower trachea and bronchi are called {{c1::pneumonia or bronchiolitis}} and are more common with type/s {{c2::3}}…
Published	07/30/2024	Most common complication of parainfluenza infection: {{c1::otitis media}}
Published	07/30/2024	Ig{{c1::E}} production is associated with disease severity in parainfluenza infections
Published	07/30/2024	Parainfluenza infections in the immunoCOMPETENT infect the {{c1::respiratory epithelium only}}
Published	07/30/2024	Can immunity from 1 PARAinfluenza type protect you from other types?{{c1::Y. There is cross-neutralization::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	Pharmacological Treatment for parainfluenza and respiratory syncytial virus infections: {{c1::Ribavirin but usually used for immunocompromised or…
Published	07/30/2024	Most important cause of lower respiratory tract illness in infants and young children: {{c1::Respiratory Syncytial}} Virus
Published	07/30/2024	Respiratory Syncytial Virus viral shedding in children duration: {{c1::1-3 weeks}}
Published	07/30/2024	Respiratory Syncytial Virus viral shedding in adults duration: {{c1::1-2 days}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Mumps/Beke}} - Acute contagious disease characterized by non-suppurative enlargement of one or both salivary glands, Malaise, anorexia, CNS…
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Mumps severity 1. Children 2. Adults{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::> 1/3::fraction}} of Mumps patients are asymptomatic/subclinical
Published	07/30/2024	What salivary gland is not required in the pathogenesis of mumps{{c1::Parotid}}
Published	07/30/2024	In a Mumps infection, when does the virus start shedding and until when??{{c1::3 days before onset of salivary gland swelling up to 9 days after the o…
Published	07/30/2024	Possible complications of Mumps infections in adults: {{c1::unilateral orchitis or oophoritis}}
Published	07/30/2024	Treatment for CNS manifestations in Mumps infections: {{c1::Resolve without sequelae}}
Published	07/30/2024	The only antigenic type of Mumps has the {{c1::HN}} antigen
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Measles}} - Acute, highly infectious disease characterized by fever, respiratory symptoms, and a maculopapular rash w/ common and severe co…
Published	07/30/2024	The measles virus can replicate in {{c1::lymphocytes}}
Published	07/30/2024	Viral replication starts {{c1::2}} weeks BEFORE rash presentation in measles
Published	07/30/2024	Appearance of {{c1::rash::symptom}} in measles is generally equated to improvement of patient
Published	07/30/2024	CNS complictions of measles in order:{{c1::Post-infectious encephalomyelitis (PIE)Measles inclusion body encephalitis (MIBE)Subacute sclerosing panece…
Published	07/30/2024	[CNS complication of measles]Autoimmune{{c1::Post Infectious Encephalomyelitis (PIE)}}
Published	07/30/2024	[CNS complication of measles]with defective cell-mediated immunity (with detectable virus in brain){{c1::Measles Inclusion Body Encephalitis (MIBE)}}
Published	07/30/2024	[CNS complication of measles]progressive mental deterioration, involuntary movements, muscular rigidity, and coma{{c1::Subacute Sclerosing Panencephal…
Published	07/30/2024	Pathogonomic symptom of measles: {{c1::Koplik spots}}
Published	07/30/2024	Most common complication of measles: {{c1::otitis media}}
Published	07/30/2024	Most common LIFE-THREATENING complication of measles: {{c1::Pneumonia}}
Published	07/30/2024	Pharmacological treatment for measles: {{c1::Vitamin A}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Rubella}} aka {{c1::German measles}} - Acute febrile illness characterized by malaise, low-grade fever, and a morbilliform rash and LYMPHAN…
Published	07/30/2024	Congenital Rubella Syndrome is worse {{c1::earlier::earlier/later}} in the pregnancy but defects are un common after the {{c2::20th}} week age of gest…
Published	07/30/2024	Classic triad of Congenital Rubella Syndrome:{{c1::Congenital CataractsCardiac abnormalities (Patent Ductus Arteriosus)Deafness}}
Published	07/30/2024	CNS complication in rubella in the 2nd decade of life: {{c1::Progressive rubella panencephalitis}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Coronaviruses}} - Cause common colds, MAY cause lower respiratory tract infections but usually stay in the upper respiratory tract, and hav…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::SARS-CoV::Novel coronavirus}} presents with Fever, malaise, chills, headache, dizziness, cough, and sore throat, shortness of breath, rapid prog…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::MERS-CoV::Novel coronavirus}} presents with mild to severe respiratory illness with most deaths from patients with comorbiditiesIt came from {{c…
Published	07/30/2024	Is immunity against coronaviruses permanent?{{c1::N. But it may last several years. sana all??::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Rabies}} - Acute and fulminant infection of the central nervous system transmitted through a bite of a rabid animal that is almost always fatal
Published	07/30/2024	Organ with the highest titers of the rabies virus: {{c1::Submaxillary salivary gland}}
Published	07/30/2024	Can Rabies be isolated in the blood?{{c1::N::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Negri bodies}} - eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in infected nerve cells in {{c2::Rabies}} infections
Published	07/30/2024	Rabies incubation period: {{c1::1-3 months but may vary from 1 week - 1 year}}
Published	07/30/2024	Phases of Rabies in order and duration:{{c1::Prodromal phase for 2-10 daysAcute neurologic phase for 2-7 daysSeizure/Coma/Death}}
Published	07/30/2024	Rarer and slower form of Rabies from bats: {{c1::Paralytic}}
Published	07/30/2024	5 Stages of HIV{{c1::1. Primary infection2. Dissemination of virus to lymphoid organs3. Clinical latency4. Elevated HIV expression5. Clinical disease …
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] HIV Virulence and cytopathic effects 1. Early stages 2. Late stages{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cardinal feature of HIV infections: depletion of {{c1::T helper-inducer lymphocytes}}
Published	07/30/2024	Types of cells that are resistant to HIV and help transport them around the body: {{c1::Monocytes & Macrophages}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::AIDS}} - Pronounced suppression of the immune system and development of a wide variety of severe opportunistic infections or unusual neopla…
Published	07/30/2024	best predictor of short term risk of developing an opportunistic disease with HIV: {{c1::CD4 lymphocyte counts}}
Published	07/30/2024	best predictor of long-term clinical outcome in HIV: {{c1::Viral load}}
Published	07/30/2024	4 Common Types of cancers seen in individuals infection with HIV:{{c1::Non-Hodgkin lymphomaKaposi sarcomaCervical cancerAnogenital cancers}}
Published	07/30/2024	Diagnostic Test for Acute/Early Stages of HIV: {{c1::HIV RNA (PCR)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Treatment for HIV: {{c1::Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Picornavirus is composed of {{c1::12}} genera including: {{c2::Enterovirus}}{{c2::Hepatovirus}}{{c2::Kobuvirus}}{{c2::Parechovirus}}{{c2::Ca…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Poliomyelitis}} is an acute infectious disease that in its serious form affects the CNS via destruction of {{c2::motor neurons}}
Published	07/30/2024	Polioviruses are inactivated at {{c1::55°C::temp}} for {{c1::30 minutes::time}}.
Published	07/30/2024	MOT for polioviruses: {{c1::oral}}
Published	07/30/2024	MOT for polioviruses: {{c1::oral}} and multiplies in {{c2::the lymphoid tissues of the oropharynx and SI}}
Published	07/30/2024	Poliovirus infection is characterized by the following symptoms:{{c2::fever}}{{c2::malaise}}{{c2::drowsiness}}{{c2::nausea}}{{c2::vomiting}}{{c2::cons…
Published	07/30/2024	Poliovirus Infection nonparalytic poliomyelitis (aseptic meningitis)- symptoms: {{c1::stiffness and pain in the back and neck}}- full recove…
Published	07/30/2024	Poliovirus Infection paralytic poliomyelitis - {{c1::lower motor neuron}} damage -> {{c1::flaccid}} paralysis- {{c2::incoo…
Published	07/30/2024	PoliovirusPermanent immunity -> {{c1::antibody mediated}}
Published	07/30/2024	PoliovirusPassive immunity from mother gradually disappears by {{c1::6 months}}.
Published	07/30/2024	PoliovirusPassive Ab -> {{c1::3-5 weeks::time}} only
Published	07/30/2024	PoliovirusVirus in brain and spinal cord is {{c1::not influenced::influenced/not influenced}} by high titers of antibodies in the blood.
Published	07/30/2024	Vaccines available for poliomyelitis:- {{c1::formalin-inactivated vaccine}}: includes {{c2::humoral}} ABs- {{c1::live attenuated vaccin…
Published	07/30/2024	Live attenuated vaccine for poliomyelitis is not given in {{c1::immunocompromised or their close contacts}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Diseases caused by coxsackie A: - {{c1::herpangina (vesicular pharyngitis)}}- {{c1::hand-foot-and-mouth disease}}- {{c1::acute hem…
Published	07/30/2024	Diseases caused by coxsackie B: - {{c1::pleurodynia (epidemic myalgia)}}- {{c1::myocarditis}}- {{c1::pericarditis}}- {{c…
Published	07/30/2024	Coxsackie virus is detected early in {{c1::blood}} and {{c1::throat}}; present in {{c2::stools}} for up to {{c2::5-6 weeks}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Coxsackie VirusIncubation period: {{c1::2-9 days}}
Published	07/30/2024	Aseptic meningitis is caused by all types of group {{c1::B}} and many group {{c1::A (most commonly A7 & A9)}} coxsackie viruses.
Published	07/30/2024	Early symptoms of aseptic meningitis include {{c1::fever, malaise, headache, nausea, and abdominal pain::5}} and this may progress to {{c2::…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Herpangina}} is a severe febrile pharyngitis caused by certain {{c2::group A coxsackieviruses::virus}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Symptoms of herpangina:- {{c1::abrupt onset of fever, sore throat with discrete vesicles on the posterior half of the palate, pharynx, tonsils, o…
Published	07/30/2024	Herpangina is common in {{c1::children::demographic}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Herpangina {{c1::is::is/is not}} self-limiting.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hand-foot-and-mouth disease}} is characterized by {{c2::oral and pharyngeal ulcerations}} and a {{c2::vesicular rash of the palms and soles…
Published	07/30/2024	Symptom that differentiates hand-foot-and-mouth disease from herpes/chickenpox: {{c1::vesicles heal without crusting}}
Published	07/30/2024	Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is associated with {{c1::coxsackievirus A6, A16, B1, enterovirus 71::causative agents, 4}}
Published	07/30/2024	The virus in hand-foot-and-mouth disease is present in the {{c1::pharynx, stool, and vesicles}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Symptoms of pleurodenia/epidemic myalgia include {{c1::abrupt onset fever & stabbing chest pain::2}} which may be preceded by {{c2::mala…
Published	07/30/2024	Pleurodenia {{c1::is::is/is not}} self-limited.
Published	07/30/2024	Coxsackievirus can be recovered early from {{c1::throat washings}} or late from {{c2::stool}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Laboratory diagnosis of coxsackievirus can be done through {{c1::recovery of the virus, nucleic acid detection, serology::3}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Echoviruses were historically grouped together because they infect the human {{c1::enteric tract}} and can be recovered only through {{c2::c…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, febrile illnesses with or without rash, common colds, and ocular disease::5}} are among the diseases caused by…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Rhinoviruses}} are the common cold viruses and are the most commonly recovered agents from people with mild upper respiratory illnesses.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Rhinoviruses::virus}} are responsible for about half of asthma exacerbations.
Published	07/30/2024	Rhinoviruses of the major group bind to {{c1::ICAM-1}} receptors while those of the minor group bind to the {{c2::LDL}} receptor family.
Published	07/30/2024	MOT for rhinoviruses: {{c1::hand-to-hand, hand-to-eye, hand-to-object-to-hand::3}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Rhinoviruses are only infectious for {{c1::humans, gibbons, and chimpanzees::3}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Rhinovirus virions are unstable below a pH of {{c1::5-6}} and are completely inactivated at pH {{c2::3}}.
Published	07/30/2024	incubation period of rhinoviruses: {{c1::2-4 days}}
Published	07/30/2024	Acute illness caused by rhinoviruses usually last for {{c1::7 days}} although a nonproductive cough may persist for {{c2::2-3 weeks}}.
Published	07/30/2024	In rhinovirus infections, secondary bacterial infections may produce {{c1::acute otitis media, sinusitis, bronchitis, pneumonitis (children)}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Immunity against Rhinovirusesprevention method/treatment: {{c1::no specific}}vaccine: {{c2::unlikely}}antiviral drugs effective {{c3::i…
Published	07/30/2024	Parechovirus infections are usually acquired in {{c1::early childhood}}, they replicate in the {{c2::respiratory and GI tracts::2}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Parechovirus infections may cause {{c1::mild GI and respiratory sickness, meningitis, and neonatal sepsis::4}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Parechoviruses {{c1::cannot::cannot/can}} be detected by enterovirus-specific nucleic acid typing assays commonly used.
Published	07/30/2024	There are 15 genera under Reoviridae, 4 of which are infectious to man: {{c1::Orthoreovirus}}, {{c1::Rotavirus}}, {{c1::Coltivirus}},&n…
Published	07/30/2024	Reoviridae genera are divided into two subfamilies: - {{c1::Spinareovirinae}} which have large spikes on its vertices- {{c1::Sedoreovir…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Rotaviruses}} are the major cause of {{c2::diarrheal illness}} in {{c3::human infants::population}} and {{c3::young animals::popu…
Published	07/30/2024	There are {{c1::8, A-H}} species or groups of rotaviruses, of which {{c2::4, A-C}} infect humans.
Published	07/30/2024	Group {{c1::A}} rotaviruses are the most frequent human pathogens
Published	07/30/2024	5 predominant serotype strains of rotavirus species A {{c1::G1-G4, G9}} are responsible for the majority of human disease.
Published	07/30/2024	Rotaviruses infect cells in the {{c1::small intestine villi}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::NSP4}} is the viral enterotoxin of rotaviruses that induces {{c2::secretion}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Viral excretion in rotavirus infections lasts from {{c1::2-10 days}} in otherwise healthy patients but may be prolonged in immunocompromised or p…
Published	07/30/2024	Diarrhea caused by rotavirus infection may also be due to {{c1::impaired sodium and glucose absorption}} as damaged cells on villi are replaced b…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::F::T/F}} Rotavirus cause the major portion of diarrheal illness in adults.
Published	07/30/2024	Typical symptoms of rotavirus infection: {{c1::watery diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain, vomiting::4}}
Published	07/30/2024	Incubation period of rotavirus infections: {{c1::1-3 days}}
Published	07/30/2024	Patients with mild cases of rotavirus infections have symptoms for {{c1::3-8 days}}, however, viral excretion in the stool may last up to {{…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::T::T/F}} Rotavirus may also infect adults but they rarely exhibit symptoms.
Published	07/30/2024	Group {{c1::B}} rotaviruses have been implicated in severe gastroenteritis outbreaks in China and SEA.
Published	07/30/2024	Lab diagnosis of rotavirus infection: {{c1::demonstration of virus in stool collected early in the illness (EIA and PCR) and on a rise in antibod…
Published	07/30/2024	Treatment of rotavirus infections: {{c1::supportive}}
Published	07/30/2024	Vaccines against rotavirus infections: {{c1::oral live attenuated pentavalent human-b ovine reassortant rotavirus vaccine}}, {{c1::oral live…
Published	07/30/2024	Calicivirus may also cause {{c1::viral gastroenteritis}}
Published	07/30/2024	The most significant members of Calicivirus are the {{c1::noroviruses}}, the prototype strain being {{c1::Norwalk virus}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Calicivirus are similar to {{c1::picornaviruses}} but they are {{c2::larger}} and contain a {{c1::single major structural protein}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Norwalk virus}} is the most important cause of {{c2::epidemic viral gastroenteritis}} in {{c2::adults::population}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Norwalk virusincubation period: {{c1::12-24 hours}}clinical course: {{c1::12-60 hours}}most common complication: {{c2::dehydration}}tre…
Published	07/30/2024	Diseases produced by arboviruses may be divided into 3 clinical syndromes:- {{c1::fevers of an undifferentiated type with or w/o a maculopopular …
Published	07/30/2024	Alphavirus often establish persistent infection in {{c1::mosquitoes or arthropods}} and transmit them to {{c1::vertebrates}}.
Published	07/30/2024	All alphaviruses are antigenically related. Because of this, they show cross reactions in immunodiagnostic techniques including {{c1::hemeaggluti…
Published	07/30/2024	All flaviviruses share {{c1::antigenic sites}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Togavirus & FlavivirusViral multiplication happens in {{c1::myeloid, lymphoid cells, vascular endothelium, CNS::4}}. If the virus passes the …
Published	07/30/2024	Togavirus & FlavivirusIncubation period of the encephalitides are between {{c1::4-21 days}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Togavirus & FlavivirusThere is a sudden onset with {{c1::severe headache, chills and fever, nausea and vomiting, generalized pains, and malai…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Eastern equine encephalitis}} is the most severe of the arboviral encephalitides; have a high case fatality.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::80}}% of West Nile virus infections are asymptomatic, {{c1::20}}% develop West Nile fever, and {{c1::<1}}% develop neuroinvasive disease…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Japanese B encephalitis}} is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Chikungunya virus}} infection resembles {{c3::dengue fever}}, but it is more likely to cause {{c2::high fever, rash, and severe joint pain:…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Tick-borne encephalitis virus}} is an important cause of {{c2::encephalitis}} in Europe, Russia, and Northern China.
Published	07/30/2024	Tick-borne encephalitis occurs chiefly in the {{c2::early summer}} when exposed to the ticks {{c1::Ixodes persulcatus}} and {{c1::Ixodes ric…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::T::T/F}} Zika virus can potentially be sexually transmitted.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Yellow fever}} is an acute, febrile, mosquito-borne illness that occurs in the tropis and subtropics of Africa and South America. Its severe for…
Published	07/30/2024	Yellow fever virus enters through the {{c1::skin}}, spreads to the {{c2::lymph nodes, liver, spleen, kidney, bone marrow, and myocardium::6}…
Published	07/30/2024	Incubation period of yellow fever virus: {{c1::3-6 days}}
Published	07/30/2024	Phases of yellow fever:- {{c1::acute infection}}: fever, chills, headache, dizziness, myalgia, backache, nausea, vomiting, bradycardia- {{c1…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Urban}} yellow fever involves {{c2::person to person}} transmission by {{c3::Aedes aegypti}} mosquito.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Jungle}} yellow fever involves {{c2::monkey to monkey}} transmission by {{c3::Aedes and Hemagogus mosquitoes}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::F::T/F}} Yellow fever has reached Asia.
Published	07/30/2024	Treatment for yellow fever: {{c1::no antiviral drug, vaccine is the most effective preventive measure}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Myocarditis}} and {{c1::Generalized disease of infants}} are the most dangerous complication of group B coxasackie viruses
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Generalized disease of infants}} is an extremely serious disease in which the infant is overwhelmed by simultaneous viral infections of multiple…
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