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Published	12/28/2023	Pituitary adenomas can be "functional" or "nonfunctional", which refers to their ability to produce hormone. Nonfunctional pituitary adenomas present …
Published	12/28/2023	What are 3 common functional pituitary adenomas? What are 3 rare adenomas?
Published	12/28/2023	How does a prolactinoma present in males and in females? What is the treatment?
Published	12/28/2023	How does a growth hormone cell adenoma present differently in adults vs. children?
Published	12/28/2023	What are 3 clinical features of acromegaly?
Published	12/28/2023	Why is secondary diabetes mellitus often present in acromegaly?
Published	12/28/2023	What are 3 diagnostic tests/modalities used to diagnose acromegaly?
Published	12/28/2023	What are 3 treatments for acromegaly?
Published	12/28/2023	What syndrome do ACTH secreting pituitary tumors lead to?
Published	12/28/2023	How much of the pituitary parenchyma must be rendered nonfunctional before signs of hypopituitarism manifest?
Published	12/28/2023	3 causes of hypopituitarism?
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the pathogenesis of Sheehan syndrome:
Published	12/28/2023	How does Sheehan syndrome present (3 symptoms)?
Published	12/28/2023	What is empty sella syndrome and how does it arise?
Published	12/28/2023	What two hormones made by the hypothalamus are released by the posterior pituitary, and what are their functions?
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the major differences (2) between central diabetes insipidus and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus:
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 3 clinical features of central or nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?
Published	12/28/2023	What are 3 causes of syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 2 clinical features of SIADH?
Published	12/28/2023	What are 2 treatments for SIADH?
Published	12/28/2023	Anterior neck mass may be related to what benign thyroid pathology? What about a mass at the base of the tongue?
Published	12/28/2023	What are 2 general physiologic consequences of hyperthyroidism and what causes them?
Published	12/28/2023	3 key symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the root cause of Graves' disease?
Published	12/28/2023	In whom does Graves disease occur?
Published	12/28/2023	3 clinical features of Graves disease:
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the pathogenesis of exophthalmos and pretibial myxedema in Graves disease:
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the histology specimen depicted. Diagnosis?
Published	12/28/2023	What are 4 laboratory findings in Graves disease?
Published	12/28/2023	3 treatment modalities for Graves disease:
Published	12/28/2023	What is thyroid storm and how does it present?
Published	12/28/2023	3 treatment modalities for thyroid storm?
Published	12/28/2023	How does PTU treat thyroid storm?
Published	12/28/2023	Multinodular goiter is caused by what?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the difference between a non-toxic (euthyroid) goiter and a toxic goiter?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the difference between cretinism and myxedema? What are they both examples of?
Published	12/28/2023	6 features of cretinism:
Published	12/28/2023	4 causes of cretinism:
Published	12/28/2023	4 causes of myxedema (adult hypothyroidism)
Published	12/28/2023	Clinical features of hypothyroidism?
Published	12/28/2023	Hashimoto thyroiditis is associated with what HLA type?
Published	12/28/2023	Most common cause of hypothyroidism in developed nations?
Published	12/28/2023	What are 3 key clinical features of Hashimoto? Initial presentation?Lab values following progression?Antibodies?
Published	12/28/2023	What can be seen in this histopathological specimen taken from the thyroid? Diagnosis?
Published	12/28/2023	What malignancy does Hashimoto confer an increased risk for?
Published	12/28/2023	What is DeQuervain thyroiditis? How does it present? What is the natural course of the disease?
Published	12/28/2023	A patient presents with a nontender "hard as wood" thyroid gland - diagnosis?
Published	12/28/2023	What causes riedel fibrosing thyroiditis? What condition can it clinically mimic?
Published	12/28/2023	Three basic principles of diagnosing/treating thyroid neoplasia:
Published	12/28/2023	Diagnosis?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 4 types of thyroid carcinoma and which is most common?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the major risk factor for thyroid papillary carcinoma?
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the histopathology and diagnose:
Published	12/28/2023	What is this?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the natural history and prognosis of a papillary carcinoma?
Published	12/28/2023	How can follicular carcinoma of the thyroid be distinguished from follicular adenoma?
Published	12/28/2023	What procedures are necessary for distinguishing between follicular carcinoma and follicular adenoma?
Published	12/28/2023	How does follicular carcinoma of the thyroid spread?
Published	12/28/2023	In medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, what is the malignant cell?
Published	12/28/2023	Why do patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid become hypocalcemic?
Published	12/28/2023	Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid is typical in patients with MEN 2A and 2B. What other cancers is each condition associated with?
Published	12/28/2023	In whom is the poorly-differentiated anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid seen? What is the prognosis?
Published	12/28/2023	What cells in the parathyroid gland secrete PTH?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 3 actions of PTH?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the effect of calcium on PTH?
Published	12/28/2023	What are 3 causes of primary hyperparathyroidism? What is the most common?
Published	12/28/2023	Though most cases of parathyroid adenoma result in an asymptomatic hypercalcemia, what presenting symptoms might one see in a symptomatic case (5)?&nb…
Published	12/28/2023	5 lab findings in primary hyperparathyroidism?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism?
Published	12/28/2023	How is secondary hyperparathyroidism distinguished from primary, and what is the most common cause?
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the pathogenesis of renally-induced secondary hyperparathyroidism:
Published	12/28/2023	What 4 lab values do you expect to see in secondary hyperparathyroidism?
Published	12/28/2023	Two signs that can be elicited in hypoparathyroid-induced hypocalcemia?
Published	12/28/2023	How are serum PTH and calcium affected by hypoparathyroidism?
Published	12/28/2023	What is pseudohypoparathyroidism?
Published	12/28/2023	A patient with short stature and short 4th and 5th digits presents to you with signs of hypocalcemia. Diagnosis?
Published	12/28/2023	How does insulin exert its main function on cells in the body?
Published	12/28/2023	What HLA types is T1DM associated with?
Published	12/28/2023	What autoantibodies can be detected in serum long before clinically apparent T1DM manifests itself?
Published	12/28/2023	2 presenting symptoms of T1DM?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the pathophysiology behind the development of diabetic ketoacidosis?
Published	12/28/2023	How does diabetic ketoacidosis present?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis?
Published	12/28/2023	How do insulin levels change throughout the natural history of DM 2?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 3 diagnostic glucose level cutoffs for diagnosing T2DM?
Published	12/28/2023	What is hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma?
Published	12/28/2023	3 modalities of treating T2DM?
Published	12/28/2023	Non-enzymatic glycosylation of large vessels leads to what pathology?
Published	12/28/2023	Non-enzymatic glycosylation (in diabetics) of small vessels in the kidney leads to what pathologies?
Published	12/28/2023	Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules in the glomeruli is indicative of what pathology?
Published	12/28/2023	What diagnostic tool measures non-enzymatic glycosylation of hemoglobin?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the pathogenesis of neuropathy in patient with T2DM (2 modalities)?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex, and what substances does each produce?
Published	12/28/2023	What do all hormones synthesized in the adrenal cortex have in common?
Published	12/28/2023	What three symptoms does hyperaldosteronism usually present with? How do these symptoms arise?
Published	12/28/2023	Why is edema often absent, despite an expanded plasma volume, in hyperaldosteronism?
Published	12/28/2023	Primary hyperaldosteronism can have what 3 etiologies?
Published	12/28/2023	How are aldosterone and renin levels affected in primary hyperaldosteronism? How is primary hyperaldosteronism treated?
Published	12/28/2023	What lab tests can help distinguish primary from secondary hyperaldosteronism?
Published	12/28/2023	Familial hyperaldosteronism can rarely be due to _________, which is characterized by   [dz mech]  .
Published	12/28/2023	Glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism presents with what symptoms, and in whom?
Published	12/28/2023	How do we test for suspected glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism?
Published	12/28/2023	What is Liddle syndrome? How does it become confused with hyperaldosteronism?
Published	12/28/2023	How is Liddle syndrome treated? What therapeutic does not work?
Published	12/28/2023	3 modalities for diagnosing Cushing syndrome?
Published	12/28/2023	Does low-dose dexamethasone suppress cortisol production in any type/cause of Cushing's syndrome?
Published	12/28/2023	(High) plasma ACTH distinguishes ACTH dependent and independent causes of Cushing. How do these guide your clinical process?
Published	12/28/2023	What information can be learned from a high-dose dexamethasone test?
Published	12/28/2023	Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) can be caused by a variety of enzyme defects along the mineralcorticoid/androgen synthesis pathway. However, all …
Published	12/28/2023	21-hydroxylase deficiency is the most common form of CAH (90% of cases). It is divided into what two types, with what clinical presentations? Why do t…
Published	12/28/2023	How does 11-hydroxylase deficiency present?
Published	12/28/2023	How does 17-hydroxylase deficiency present?Cortisol and androgen production increased or decreased?Female and male presentation?Weak mineralcorticoids…
Published	12/28/2023	How do we screen for CAH?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the treatment for CAH?
Published	12/28/2023	What is Waterhouse-Friedrichsen syndrome?
Published	12/28/2023	Chronic adrenal insufficiency is called?
Published	12/28/2023	3 causes of Addison's?
Published	12/28/2023	Why are people with Addison's hyperpigmented?
Published	12/28/2023	Adrenal medulla is derived from what embryonic tissue?
Published	12/28/2023	What does the adrenal medulla make?
Published	12/28/2023	What is a pheochromocytoma and how is it diagnosed?
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the surgical technique for removing a pheochromocytoma:
Published	12/28/2023	What is the "rule of 10s" for pheochromocytoma?
Published	12/28/2023	What 4 genetic conditions predispose to pheochromocytoma?
Published	12/28/2023	What drug can induce adult hypothyroidism?
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