Notes in 12ToleranceTransplantIMU

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Published	07/30/2024	Mechanisms of Action of Regulatory T Cells MOA Production of immunosuppressive cytokines {{c1::IL-10 and TGF-Beta::[2]…
Published	07/30/2024	Inhibitory Cytokines Produced by Regulatory T Cells: TGF-Beta FunctionsDescritpion Inhibit {{c1::proliferation and eff…
Published	07/30/2024	Inhibitory Cytokines Produced by Regulatory T Cells: {{c1::IL-10}}Functions as an inhibitor of activated macrophages and dendritic cellsIt functi…
Published	07/30/2024	Deletion: Apoptosis of Mature T LymphocytesTwo major pathways of apoptosis induced by self-antigens: {{c1::1. Mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathway}} {{c1…
Published	07/30/2024	Deletion: Mitochondrial PathwayAntigen recognition in T cells induces the production of {{c1::proapoptotic proteins}}.This pathway results in {{c…
Published	07/30/2024	Deletion: Death receptor PathwayRecognition of self-antigens may lead to the coexpression of death receptors and their ligands. In T cells self-t…
Published	07/30/2024	Deletion: Death receptor Pathway{{c1::Fas}} – protein expressed on many cell types {{c1::Fas ligand}} – expressed mainly on activated T cells
Published	07/30/2024	Deletion: Death receptor PathwayCells undergoing apoptosis develop membrane blebs, and fragments of the nucleus and cytoplasm break off in membrane-bo…
Published	07/30/2024	B Lymphocyte ToleranceNecessary for maintaining unresponsiveness to thymus-{{c1::independent::Independent/Dependent}} self-antigens, such as polysacch…
Published	07/30/2024	B Lymphocyte Tolerance: Central ToleranceWhen immature B lymphocytes interact strongly with selfantigens in the bone marrow, B cells either undergo: 1…
Published	07/30/2024	B Lymphocyte Tolerance: Central Tolerance{{c1::Receptor Editing}}Process of changing receptor specificity to reduce the chance that potentially harmfu…
Published	07/30/2024	B Lymphocyte Tolerance: Central Tolerance{{c1::Deletion}}If editing fails, immature B cells that strongly recognize self-antigens receive death signal…
Published	07/30/2024	B Lymphocyte Tolerance: Central Tolerance{{c1::Anergy}}If developing B cells recognize self-antigens weakly, the cells become functionally unresponsiv…
Published	07/30/2024	B Lymphocyte Tolerance: Peripheral Tolerance{{c1::Anergy}}B cells recognize protein antigen but do not receive T cell help (Helper T cells have been e…
Published	07/30/2024	B Lymphocyte Tolerance: Peripheral Tolerance{{c1::Deletion}}Anergic B cells leave lymphoid follicles and are subsequently excluded from the follicles;…
Published	07/30/2024	B Lymphocyte Tolerance: Peripheral ToleranceInhibitory Receptor SignalingB cells that recognize self-antigens with low affinity may be prevented from …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Autoimmunity}} - Immune response against self/autologous antigens
Published	07/30/2024	Mechanisms of AutoimmunityThe principal factors in the development of autoimmunity are the {{c1::inheritance of susceptibility genes}} and {{c2::envir…
Published	07/30/2024	Mechanisms of AutoimmunityAutoimmune diseases are homogenous and multifactorial. {{c1::F. Heterogenous::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	Mechanisms of AutoimmunityAutoimmune diseases always manifest immediately after the initiation of autoimmune reactions {{c1::F. They may manifest clin…
Published	07/30/2024	General Features of Autoimmune DisordersAutoantibody or T cell responses against selfantigens with restricted tissue distribution lead to {{c1::organ-…
Published	07/30/2024	General Features of Autoimmune DisordersA response initiated against one self-antigen that injures tissues may result in {{c1::epitope spreading}}: Re…
Published	07/30/2024	Immunologic Abnormalities Leading to AutoImmunity AbnormalityDescription {{c3::Defective Self-Tolerance}}Inadequate e…
Published	07/30/2024	Immunologic Abnormalities Leading to AutoImmunity This type of immunologic abnormality is the underlying cause of all autoimmune diseases. {{c1::Defec…
Published	07/30/2024	Role of Infections and Other Environmental InfluencesClinical manifestations of autoimmunity sometimes are preceded by {{c1::infections prodromes}}
Published	07/30/2024	Role of Infections and Other Environmental InfluencesInfections may activate {{c1::self-reactive}} lymphocytes, thereby triggering the development of…
Published	07/30/2024	Role of Infections and Other Environmental Influences{{c1::Bystander Activation}} Process where infection results in the activation of T cells t…
Published	07/30/2024	Role of Infections and Other Environmental Influences{{c1::Type I-IFN}} may activate APCs or lymphocytes during innate responses to viral infections.…
Published	07/30/2024	Role of Infections and Other Environmental Influences{{c1::Molecular Mimicry}} Phenomenon of cross-reaction or mimicry between microbial antigens and…
Published	07/30/2024	Role of Infections and Other Environmental InfluencesMolecular mimicry can result in {{c1::rheumatic fever,}} where antibodies against streptococci&n…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Transplantation}} is widely used for replacing nonfunctioning organs and tissues with healthy organs or tissues
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Transplantation}} s the process of taking cells, tissues, organs, called a graft, from one individual and placing them into a (usually) differen…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Kidney}} transplants are the most common.
Published	07/30/2024	Transplantation of cells or tissues from one individual to a genetically non-identical individual leads to rejection of the transplant due to an {{c1:…
Published	07/30/2024	General Principles of Transplantation Immunology{{c3::First-set rejection}}Rejection occurs {{c1::10-14 days}} after the first transplant from a donor…
Published	07/30/2024	Types of Transplantations {{c1::ORTHOTOPIC}}Graft is placed into its normal anatomic position{{c1::HETEROTROPIC}}Graft is placed in a …
Published	07/30/2024	Types of Grafts {{c3::AUTOLOGOUS}}Graft is transplanted from one individual to the same individualLesser chance of rejection{{c3::SYNG…
Published	07/30/2024	Genetics of Graft RejecitonIn inbred strains with different MHC haplotypes, Synergistic graft is {{c1::not rejected::rejected/not rejected}}
Published	07/30/2024	Genetics of Graft RejecitonIn inbred strains with different MHC haplotypes, allogeneic graft is {{c1::always rejected::rejected/not rejected}}
Published	07/30/2024	Genetics of Graft RejectionIn inbred strains with different MHC haplotypes, Grafts from A or B parent is {{c1::not rejected::rejected/not rejected}} b…
Published	07/30/2024	Genetics of Graft RejectionIn inbred strains with different MHC haplotypes, Grafts from F1 is {{c1::rejected::rejected/not rejected}} by either parent
Published	07/30/2024	Tumor vs. Transplant Immunology  Cancer/TumorTransplant For cancers to grow, they have to evade host immunityImmu…
Published	07/30/2024	Characteristics that Immune Responses against Tumors and Transplants ShareNot responding to microbes, but to noninfectious cells that are perceived as…
Published	07/30/2024	Characteristics that Immune Responses against Tumors and Transplants ShareUses same major mechanism—activation of Regulatory T Cells—to kill both tumo…
Published	07/30/2024	EVIDENCECONCLUSION Prior exposure to donor MHC molecules leads to accelerated graft rejectionGraft rejection shows {{c1::memory and specificity,}} tw…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes::genes}} – the genes that contributed the most to the rejection of grafts exchanged between mi…
Published	07/30/2024	Allo{{c1::antigens}} and xeno{{c1::antigens}}Allo{{c1::reactive}} and xeno{{c1::reactive}} {{c2::Antigens}} that serv…
Published	07/30/2024	The antigens of allografts that serve as the principal targets of rejection are {{c1::proteins encoded in the MHC}}
Published	07/30/2024	All the HLA (human MHC) genes from each parent are inherited together as a {{c1::haplotype}}, in a {{c1::Mendelian}} pattern
Published	07/30/2024	The reaction to {{c1::allogeneic MHC}} antigens on another individual’s cells is one of the strongest immune responses known
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::T cell receptors (TCRs)::receptors}} for antigens: -Have evolved to recognize {{c2::MHC molecules}}-Essential for {{c2::surveillance of cel…
Published	07/30/2024	Allogeneic MHC molecules containing peptides derived from the allogeneic cells may look like self MHC molecules plus bound foreign peptides {{c1:…
Published	07/30/2024	Recognition of allogeneic MHC molecules in allografts is an example of an {{c1::immunologic cross-reaction}} {{c2::T::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	The process of negative selection in the thymus eliminates cells that do not recognize self MHC {{c1::F::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	A single allogeneic graft cell will express thousands of MHC molecules, every one of which may berecognized as foreign by a graft recipient’s T cells&…
Published	07/30/2024	Frequency of alloreactive T cells in any individual is about 1000-fold less than the frequency of T cells that recognize any one microbial antigen&nbs…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Minor histocompatibility antigens}} – non-MHC antigens that induce graft rejection
Published	07/30/2024	The rejection reactions that minor histocompatibility antigens elicit usually are just as strong as reactionsagainst foreign MHC proteins {{c1::F…
Published	07/30/2024	In order to elicit antigraft immune responses, {{c1::alloantigens}} from the graft are transported by {{c2::dendritic cells::cells}} to draining lymph…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Sensitization::Sensitization/Rejection}} – graft antigens that are expressed on donor dendritic cells or captured by recipient dendritic cells a…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Rejection::Sensitization/Rejection}} – the T cells migrate back into the graft and destroy graft cells
Published	07/30/2024	T cells in allograft recipients may recognize:- {{c1::unprocessed donor MHC molecules}} on the surface of graft cells- {{c1::peptides derive…
Published	07/30/2024	cd52034541ec49f7a95d1d89ff857d2c-oa-1
Published	07/30/2024	Graft cells (or alloantigens) may be ingested by recipient dendritic cells and transported to draininglymph nodes {{c1::T::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	When graft alloantigens are recognized by the {{c2::indirect::direct/indirect}} pathway, the subsequent rejection of the graft likely is mediated main…
Published	07/30/2024	AllorecognitionInvolved Dendritic CellsMechanism Direct{{c1::Donor}} DC {{c2::CD8+>CD4+}} T cellsIndirect{{c1…
Published	07/30/2024	Period of Rejection{{c1::CD8+::T Cell}} - identify the donor tissue as foreign, effectively killing it and causing necrosis of the cell;{{c2::CD4+::T …
Published	07/30/2024	Antibodies against graft antigens, called donorspecific antibodies, also contribute to rejection. {{c1::T::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	Graft RejectionMechanism Hyperacute{{c1::1. Preformed antibodies react with vascular endothelium2. Activate complemen…
Published	07/30/2024	DrugMechanism of Action {{c1::Cyclosporine and tacrolimus (FK506) calcineurin inhibitor}}{{c2::Blocks T cell cytokine…
Published	07/30/2024	DrugMechanism of Action {{c1::Mycophenolate mofetil}}{{c2::Blocks lymphocyte proliferation by inhibiting guanine nucl…
Published	07/30/2024	DrugMechanism of Action {{c1::Rapamycin (sirolimus)}}{{c2::Blocks lymphocyte proliferation by inhibiting mTOR (requir…
Published	07/30/2024	DrugMechanism of Action {{c1::Corticosteroids}}{{c2::Reduce inflammation by effects on multiple cell types}}
Published	07/30/2024	DrugMechanism of Action {{c1::Antithymocyte globulin}}{{c2::Binds to and depletes T cells by promoting phagocytosisor…
Published	07/30/2024	DrugMechanism of Action{{c1::Belatacept (CTLA4-Ig)}}{{c2::Inhibits T cell activation by blocking B7 costimulator binding to T ce…
Published	07/30/2024	DrugMechanism of Action{{c1::Anti-IL-2 receptor (CD25) antibody}}{{c2::Inhibits T cell proliferation by blocking IL-2 binding; may al…
Published	07/30/2024	DrugMechanism of Action{{c1::Anti-CD52 (alemtuzumab)}}{{c2::Depletes lymphocytes complement-mediated lysis}}
Published	07/30/2024	Major barrier to transfusion - the presence of {{c1::allogeneic blood group}} antigens
Published	07/30/2024	Transfusion across an ABO barrier may trigger an immediate hemolytic reaction resulting in both:1. {{c1::Intravascular lysis}} of RBCs2. {{c1::Extensi…
Published	07/30/2024	One problem in hematopoietic stem cell transplant is that before transplantation, some of the bone marrow of the recipient has to be destroyed to crea…
Published	07/30/2024	The immune system reacts {{c1::strongly::strongly/weakly}} against allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells
Published	07/30/2024	If {{c1::mature allogeneic T cells}} are transplanted with the stem cells,  mature T cells can attack the recipient’s tissues resulting in a…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::GVHD}} is caused by the reaction of grafted mature T cells in the HSC inoculum with alloantigens of the host
Published	07/30/2024	Acute GVHDChronic GVHD {{c1::Epithelial cell death}} in the: Skin, liver (mainly biliary epithelium), gastrointestina…
Published	07/30/2024	Acute GVHDChronic GVHD Manifested clinically by: {{c1::Rash, Jaundice, Diarrhea, Gastrointestinal, hemorrhage}}May al…
Published	07/30/2024	head1head2 When extensive:  {{c1::Skin or lining of gut may slough off (may be fatal)}}When severe: {{…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Central}} Tolerance{{c1::Peripheral}} Tolerance {{c2::Immature}} lymphocytes that recognize antigens in {{c2::g…
Published	07/30/2024	T Cell Tolerance CentralPeripheral {{c1::Negative SelectionDevelopment in Regulatory T cells}}{{c2::Anergy (Block in T…
Published	07/30/2024	B Cell Tolerance CentralPeripheral {{c1::Receptor EditingNegative selection or deletion}}{{c2::Recogniton of self-anti…
Published	07/30/2024	Autoimmune diseasesStrongest associations are between {{c1::HLA}} genes and various {{c2::T}} cell-dependent autoimmune diseases
Published	07/30/2024	Infections predispose to autoimmunity by: o causing {{c1::inflammation }}o stimulating expression of {{c1::costimulators}}o {{c1::cross-reac…
Published	07/30/2024	A major barrier to successful transplantation of foreign tissues is rejection by {{c1::adaptive::innate/adaptive}} immune responses
Published	07/30/2024	The most important antigens that stimulate graft rejection are {{c1::allogeneic MHC molecules,}}
Published	07/30/2024	Allogeneic MHC molecules are eitherDirect presentation - {{c1:: presented by graft APCs without processing to recipient T cells}}Indirect presentation…
Published	07/30/2024	Grafts may be rejected by different mechanisms:{{c1::Hyperacute}} rejection ({{c2::preformed antibodies to blood group antigens or HLA molecules}}){{c…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::HSC}} transplants are susceptible to rejection; recipients require intense preparatory immunosuppressionT lymphocytes in these grafts may respon…
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