Notes in PTH.S1.L01.The Cell as a Unit of Health and Disease

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Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::"apoptotic cells"::This micrograph shows what?}}
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Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::"single necrosis in the liver::This micrograph shows what?}}
Published	10/21/2024	CELL SIGNALING{{c1::Extrinsic Signals::Intrinsic or Extrinsic Signals}}{{c2::Danger and pathogens}}Other than microbes, cells can sense and respond to…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Autocrine}}Molecules secreted by a cell affect that {{c2::same cell}}
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Endocrine}}→ Mediator is released into the {{c2::bloodstream}} and acts on {{c2::target cells at a distance}}
Published	10/21/2024	Signaling molecules or {{c1::ligands}} bind their respective receptors and initiate a cascade of intracellular eventsReceptors typically have high aff…
Published	10/21/2024	What are the Lipid-soluble ligands?{{c2::Vitamin D}} and {{c2::steroid hormones}}
Published	10/21/2024	Signaling ligands can also diffuse into adjacent cellsThus {{c1::nitric oxide}} produced in one cell (e.g., endothelium) diffuses into neighboring cel…
Published	10/21/2024	Ligand binding can then:Open {{c1::ion channels}}E.g., at the synapse between electrically excitable cellsActivate an associated {{c2::guanosine triph…
Published	10/21/2024	SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYSSurface receptor binding of ligands mediate signaling via {{c1::receptor cross-linking}}Induce {{c3::clustering}} of recep…
Published	10/21/2024	Alterations in receptor geometryElicit {{c1::intrinsic::intrinsic or extrinsic}} receptor protein kinase activityPromote the enzymatic activity of rec…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Tyrosine Kinase:: Tyrosine Kinase or Serine/Threonine Kinase or G-protein Coupled Receptors?}}Phosphorylate specific tyrosine residues
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Serine/Threonine Kinases::Tyrosine Kinase or Serine/Threonine Kinase or G-protein Coupled Receptors?}} Add phosphates to distinct serine or thre…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::G-protein Coupled Receptors::Tyrosine Kinase or Serine/Threonine Kinase or G-protein Coupled Receptors?}}Characteristically traverse the plasma …
Published	10/21/2024	TRANSCRIPTION FACTORSMost signal transduction pathways ultimately influence cellular function by modulating {{c1::gene transcription}}{{c2::Conformati…
Published	10/21/2024	Growth factor activity is mediated through binding to specific receptors, leading to the expression of genes that: (PRPED)P {{c1::romote entry into th…
Published	10/21/2024	Many growth factor pathway genes are {{c1::proto-oncogenes}}Uncontrolled proliferation can result when growth factor production is {{c2::dysregulated}…
Published	10/21/2024	Growth Factors Involved in Regeneration and Repair{{c1::Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and Transforming growth factor (TGF)-α}}{{c1::EGFR1 (ERBB1)}}{{c…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Epidermal growth factor (EGF)}} and {{c1::Transforming growth factor (TGF)-α}}Both bind to the same receptors, explaining why they share many bi…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)}}Has mitogenic effects on {{c2::hepatocytes}} and most epithelial cellsActs as a {{c3::morphogen}} in embryonic d…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)}}Represents a family of closely related {{c2::dimeric proteins}}Produced by activated {{c4::macrophages, e…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)}}Comprises a family of {{c2::homodimeric proteins}}
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::VEGF-A}}Generally referred to simply as VEGFMajor angiogenic factor after injury and in tumors
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::VEGF-B}} and {{c1::placental growth factor}}Involved in embryonic vessel development
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::VEGF-C}} and {{c1::-D}}Stimulate both {{c2::angiogenesis}} and {{c2::lymphatic development (lymphangiogenesis)}}Involved in the maintenance of n…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)}}Family of {{c2::>20::>20 or <20}} growth factors;Associated with {{c3::heparan sulfate}} in the ECM
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)}}Has three isoforms ({{c2::β1-β3}}), each belonging to a family of approximately {{c3::30::10 or 20 or 30?}…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Mechanical support}}:Allow cell anchorage, cell migration, and maintenance of cell polarity
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Regulator of cell proliferation}}:ECM binds growth factors that can be released/activated by proteolysis; the ECM can also signal through cell i…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Scaffolding for tissue renewal}}: Integrity of the basement membrane and the stroma of parenchymal cells is critical for the organized regenerat…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Foundation for establishment of tissue microenvironments}}:Basement membrane is not just a passive support between epithelium and connective tis…
Published	10/21/2024	PHASES OF THE CELL CYCLEG1 ({{c1::pre synthetic growth}})S ({{c2::DNA synthesis}})G2 ({{c3::premitotic growth}})M ({{c4::mitotic phase}})
Published	10/21/2024	Cyclins {{c1::D, E, A, and B}}Appear sequentially during the cell cycle and bind to one or more CDKs
Published	10/21/2024	Cyclin-dependent Kinases (CDKs) surveillance mechanisms assess for DNA damage throughout the cell cycleThese quality controls act at {{c1::checkpoints…
Published	10/21/2024	When cells do detect DNA imperfectionsCheckpoint activation {{c1::delays:: advances or delays}} cell cycle progression and triggers DNA repair mechani…
Published	10/21/2024	What is the state where cells can alternatively enter a nonreplicative state? {{c1::Senescence}}-> Primarily through {{c2::p53-dependent mechanisms…
Published	10/21/2024	What is the job of CKD inhibitors? (CKDIs)?{{c1::Enforcing the cell cycle checkpoint}}They accomplish this by {{c1::modulating CDK-cyclin complex acti…
Published	10/21/2024	What is the most undifferentiated stem cell? {{c1::Embryonic Stem Cells (ES cells)}}Derived from the{{c2:: blastocyst inner cell mass}}
Published	10/21/2024	The bone marrow can differentiate into a variety of stromal cells{{c1::Chondrocytes}} (cartilage){{c2::Osteocytes}} (bone){{c3::Adipocytes}} (fat){{c…
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