Notes in 06CardiacMuscle

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Published	07/30/2024	Three major types of cardiac muscle{{c1::1. Atrial muscle fibers2. Ventricular muscle fibers3. Excitatory and conductive muscle fibers}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Muscle contraction duration 1. Skeletal 2. Cardiac{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Left ventricle, twisted to what sideSubepicardial layer - {{c1::leftward}}
Published	07/30/2024	Left ventricle, twisted to what sideSubendocardial layer - {{c1::rightward}}
Published	07/30/2024	Left ventricle, rotates to what sidebase - {{c1::counterclockwise}}
Published	07/30/2024	Left ventricle, rotates to what sideapex - {{c1::clockwise}}
Published	07/30/2024	Two syncytia of the heart{{c1::1. atrial syncytium2. ventricular syncyitium}}
Published	07/30/2024	What separates the atrial syncytium from ventricular syncytium{{c1::Cardiac skeleton}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cardiac muscle fibersTheshold potential = {{c1::-40 mV}}Resting membrane potential = {{c1::-85 mV}}
Published	07/30/2024	peak of action potential on cardiac muscle{{c1::+20 mV::mV}} before Na+ channels close
Published	07/30/2024	QCK+ permeability during depolarization of1. Cardiac muscle2. Skeletal muscle{{c1::1 < 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	Two types of depolarizing channels in cardiac muscles{{c1::1. Voltage-gated fast Na+ channels2. L-type Ca++ channels or Ca++-Na+ channels (slow)::2}}
Published	07/30/2024	5 phases of cardiac muscle action potential {{c1::Phase 0 (Depolarization or Upstroke)Phase 1 (Initial repolarization)Phase 2 (Plateau)Phase 3 (R…
Published	07/30/2024	Phase {{c2::0}} of Myocardial action potentialFast sodium channels: {{c1::open}}Slow calcium channels: {{c1::closed}}Fast potassium channels: {{c1::cl…
Published	07/30/2024	Phase {{c2::1}} of Myocardial action potentialFast sodium channels: {{c1::closed}}Slow calcium channels: {{c1::closed}}Fast potassium channels: {…
Published	07/30/2024	Phase {{c2::2}} of Myocardial action potentialFast sodium channels: {{c1::closed}}Slow calcium channels: {{c1::open}}Fast potassium channels: {{c1::cl…
Published	07/30/2024	Phase {{c2::3}} of Myocardial action potentialFast sodium channels: {{c1::closed}}Slow calcium channels: {{c1::closed}}Fast potassium channels: {…
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Conduction velocity 1. Cardiac 2. Skeletal{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Conduction velocity among heart cells from fastest to slowest{{c1::1. Purkinje fibers2. Atrial muscle3. Ventricular muscle4. AV node}}
Published	07/30/2024	QCRefractory period of1. Atrial muscle fiber2. Ventricular muscle fiber{{c1::1 < 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Sarcoplasmic reticulum efficiency and elaboration 1. Skeletal 2. Cardiac{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] T-tubules suface area, colume, and diameter 1. Skeletal 2. Cardiac{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Sarcoplasmic Ca++ 2. Strength of contraction{{c1::increase in 1 → increase in 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	VRIn cardiac muscles1. ECF Ca++2. Strength of contraction{{c1::increase in 1 → increase in 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	VRIn skeletal muscles1. ECF Ca++2. Strength of contraction{{c1::increase in 1 → no effect in 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	How is Ca++ removed from sarcplasm of the cardiac muscle fiber (3):{{c1::1. SERCA22. Na+-Ca++ exchanger3. Ca++ ATPase pump::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	QCPlateau in1. Atrial muscular fiber2. Ventricular muscular fiber{{c1::1 < 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cardiac event from beginning of one heartbeat to the next is called{{c1::Cardiac cycle}}
Published	07/30/2024	How to compute for the duration of cardiac cycle (x) given heart rate?x = {{c1::1/HR}}
Published	07/30/2024	QCdecrease in action potential duration during... when heart rate is elevated1. Systole2. Diastole{{c1::1 < 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	QCSystole duration during1. normal heart rate2. elevated heart rate{{c1::1 < 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	Atrial pumping increases ventricular pumping effectiveness as much as {{c1::20%::percent}}
Published	07/30/2024	Atrial waves{{c1::a}} wave caused by {{c2::atrial contraction}}
Published	07/30/2024	Atrial waves{{c1::c}} wave caused by {{c2::bulging of AV valves backward. i.e. isovolumetric contraction}}
Published	07/30/2024	Atrial waves{{c1::v}} wave caused by {{c2::flow of blood from veins into the atria (end of ventricular contraction)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Atrial waves (3){{c1::acv}}
Published	07/30/2024	Waves in electrocardiogram{{c1::PQRST}}
Published	07/30/2024	Waves in electrocardiogram{{c1::P}} wave is caused by {{c2::atrial depolarization}}
Published	07/30/2024	Waves in electrocardiogram{{c1::QRS Complex}} waves are caused by {{c2::spread of depolarization through ventricles}}
Published	07/30/2024	Waves in electrocardiogram{{c1::T}} waves are caused by {{c2::repolarization of ventricles}}
Published	07/30/2024	The period when AV valves open and blood flows from the atrium to the ventricle{{c1::period of rapid filling of the ventricle}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Period of rapid filling of the ventricles}} takes up the first {{c1::1/3::fraction}} of diastole
Published	07/30/2024	Period where the ventricle tension increases but no emptying occurs, thus no shortening{{c1::period of isovolumic contraction}}
Published	07/30/2024	Left ventricular pressure must rise slightly above what value to push the aortic valve open?{{c1::80 mmHg::mmHg}}
Published	07/30/2024	Right ventricular pressure must rise slightly above what value to push the pulmonary valve open?{{c1::8 mmHg::mmHg}}
Published	07/30/2024	How much of blood accumulated in percent is ejected from the ventricles during systole?{{c1::60%}}
Published	07/30/2024	The majority of blood volume ejected during systole occurs during the period of {{c1::rapid ejection (first 1/3 of systole)}}
Published	07/30/2024	First 1/3 of systole is called {{c1::period of rapid ejection}}
Published	07/30/2024	Last 2/3 of systole is called {{c1::period of slow ejection}}
Published	07/30/2024	Period at the end of systole where ventricular muscles relax but volume does not change{{c1::period of isovolumic relaxation}}
Published	07/30/2024	the volume of blood the ventricle at the end of diastole or just before systole begins is called{{c1::end-diastolic volume (EDV)}}
Published	07/30/2024	the volume of blood that is ejected during systole i.e Blood volume per beat  is called{{c1::stroke volume output}}
Published	07/30/2024	The remaining volume of blood at the end of systole in the ventricle is called{{c1::end-systolic volume}}
Published	07/30/2024	The fraction in % of the end-diastolic volume that is ejected after systole is called{{c1::Ejection fraction}}
Published	07/30/2024	Normal (range) of valuesEnd-diastolic volume: {{c1::110–120 mL::mL}}
Published	07/30/2024	Normal (range) of valuesEnd-SYStolic volume (ESV): {{c1::40–50 mL::volume}}
Published	07/30/2024	Normal (range) of valuesStroke volume output: {{c1::70 mL::mL}}
Published	07/30/2024	Normal (range) of valuesEjection fraction: {{c1::60%}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Backflow velocity, Blood ejection, Mechanical abrasion 1. SL valves 2. AV valves{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	When do papillary muscles contract{{c1::when ventricular muscles contract}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Incisura/dicrotic notch}} is a slight increase in {{c3::aortic}} pressure during the early portion of {{c2::diastole}}
Published	07/30/2024	Aortic pressure during systole{{c1::120 mmHg}}
Published	07/30/2024	Aortic pressure during diastole{{c1::80 mmHg::mmHg}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Duration 1. S1 2. S2{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::S1::heart sound}} closure of {{c1::AV valves}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::S2}} closure of {{c1::Semilunar valves}}
Published	07/30/2024	QCLeft ventricle. Rate of diastolic pressure increase when1. Blood volume is less than 150 mL2. Blood volume is 150 mL or more{{c1::1 < 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	Systolic pressure is {{c1::biphasically (+,-)}} proportional to ventricular volume
Published	07/30/2024	VRLeft ventricle.1. ventricular volume (more than 150–170mL)2. systolic pressure{{c1::increase in 1 → decrease in 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	Maximum systolic pressure for normal left ventricle{{c1::250–300 mmHg::mmHg}}
Published	07/30/2024	Maximum systolic pressure for normal right ventricle{{c1::60–80 mmHg::mmHg}}
Published	07/30/2024	(4) Phases of Cardiac Cycle (Guyton){{c1::Phase I: Period of fillingPhase II: Period of Isovolumic contractionPhase III: Period of EjectionPhase IV: P…
Published	07/30/2024	4 Phases of Cardiac Cycle (Guyton)Phase I: {{c1::Period of filling}}
Published	07/30/2024	What does EW stand for?{{c1::net external work output}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Amount of blood pumped by blood2. Area of net external work output{{c1::increase in 1 → increase in 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Preload}} - tension in the heart wall during {{c1::EDV}}
Published	07/30/2024	Represents additional work that could be accomplished by contraction of the ventricle if the ventricle could completely empty all blood in its chamber…
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Heart wall concentric hypertrophy2. Ventricular wall tension{{c1::increase in 1 → decrease in 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	Increasing systolic pressure {{c1::increases}} ventricular wall tension
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Ventricular wall tension2. Oxygen consumption{{c1::increase in 1 → increase in 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Heart wall eccentric hypertrophy2. Ventricular wall tension{{c1::increase in 1 → increase in 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	QCChemical energy converted into:1. Heat2. Work output{{c1::1 > 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c3::Cardiac efficiency}} is the ratio of{{c1::Work output of heart}} to{{c1::Total chemical energy used to perform the work}}
Published	07/30/2024	Maximum efficiency of the normal heart{{c1::20}}–{{c1::25%::%}}
Published	07/30/2024	At rest, the heart pumps how many liters of blood each minute?{{c1::4}}–{{c1::6 L/m::L/m}}
Published	07/30/2024	Under most conditions, the cardiac output is determined almost entirely by {{c1::Intrinsic regulation of heart pumping (venous return or Frank-Starlin…
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Ventricular muscle stretch during filling2. Force of contraction{{c1::increase in 1 → increase in 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. SANS stimulation2. Heart rate{{c1::increase in 1 → increase in 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. SANS stimulation2. Contractility{{c1::increase in 1 → increase in 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. SANS stimulation2. Cardiac output{{c1::increase in 1 → increase in 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. PANS stimulation2. Heart rate{{c1::increase in 1 → decrease in 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. PANS stimulation2. Atrial contractility{{c1::increase in 1 → decrease in 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	QCPANS effects on1. Heart rate2. Force of cardiac contraction{{c1::1 > 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	PANS stimulation {{c1::decreases}} cardiac output
Published	07/30/2024	Increased ECF K+ affects the heart physically by (2):{{c1::1. Dilating the heart2. Making it flaccid}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. ECF K+2. RMP negativity{{c1::increase in 1 → decrease in 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. ECF Ca++2. Heart rate{{c1::increase in 1 → increase in 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Body temperature2. Heart rate{{c1::increase in 1 → increase in 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Body temperature (temporary)2. Contractile strength of heart{{c1::increase in 1 → increase in 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cardiac output is determined almost entirely by venous return regardless of afterload. That is until MAP reaches {{c1::160 mmHg::pressure}}**not …
Published	07/30/2024	Average duration of action potential along cardiac muscle fibers{{c1::200–400 msec::unit time}}
Published	07/30/2024	Action potential in motor neurons and skeletal muscles are called{{c1::Spike action potential}}
Published	07/30/2024	Action potential in cardiac muscles are called{{c1::Plateau action potential}}
Published	07/30/2024	Extra heartbeats in one of the heart chambers{{c1::Premature atrial/ventricular contractions}}
Published	07/30/2024	Premature atrial/ventricular contractions are contactions that occur during {{c1::relative refractory period}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Mitocondria 1. Skeletal 2. Cardiac{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	QCNumber of T Tubules1. Skeletal muscle2. Cardiac muscle{{c1::1 > 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	QCT tubule diameter1. Skeletal muscle2. Cardiac muscle{{c1::1 < 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	QCConnective tissue content1. Skeletal muscle2. Cardiac muscle{{c1::1 < 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	QCStretchability1. Skeletal muscle2. Cardiac muscle{{c1::1 > 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	T/FAmount of Ca++ released in cardiac muscle fiber is adjustable{{c1::T}}
Published	07/30/2024	T/FAmount of Ca++ released in skeletal muscle fiber is constant{{c1::T}}
Published	07/30/2024	Ventricular pressure is {{c1::biphasically}} proportional to ventricular volume (muscle length)
Published	07/30/2024	Surrogates for measuring ventricular volume and ventricular pressure{{c1::1. Right atrial pressure2. Ventricular output}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Sympathetic::SANS/PANS}} stimulation increases SERCA activity
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. SANS2. Cardiac relaxation duration (in proportion to contraction){{c1::increase in 1 → increase in 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. SANS2. Cardiac contraction duration (in proportion to relaxation){{c1::increase in 1 → decrease in 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	The ability to influence the rate of myocardial relaxation{{c1::Lusitropy}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. ECF Ca++ (in vitro)2. Cardiac contractility{{c1::increase in 1 → increase in 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Myoplasmic calcium2. Cardiac contractility{{c1::increase in 1 → increase in 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. SERCA inhibition2. Cardiac contractility{{c1::increase in 1 → increase in 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. 3Na+-Ca++ antiporter inhibition (via Na+-K+ inhibition)2. Cardiac contractility{{c1::increase in 1 → increase in 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. β-adrenergic receptor activation2. Cardiac contractility{{c1::increase in 1 → increase in 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	How is force of contraction (i.e. contractility) regulated in cardiac muscles{{c1::Myoplasmic Ca++ levels}}
Published	07/30/2024	Beats per minute in SA node{{c1::60–100 bpm}}
Published	07/30/2024	Beats per minute in AV node{{c1::40–60 bpm}}
Published	07/30/2024	Beats per minute in Purkinje system/Ventricular muscles{{c1::30–40 bpm or less}}
Published	07/30/2024	Refractory periods in heart action potential{{c1::1. Absolute refractory period2. Effective refractory period3. Relative refractory period}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Effective}} refractory period lasts longer than {{c1::absolute}} refractory period (absolute vs. effective)
Published	07/30/2024	Period in heart excitation when no action potential can be initiated{{c1::Absolute refactory period}}
Published	07/30/2024	Period in heart excitation when no conducted action potential* can be initiated{{c1::Effective refactory period}}
Published	07/30/2024	Period in heart excitation when action potential can be elicited by a higher inward current{{c1::Relative refactory period}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. PANS stimulation2. Conduction velocity (AV node){{c1::increase in 1 → decrease in 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. SANS stimulation2. Conduction velocity (AV node){{c1::increase in 1 → increase in 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	Does the ANS have: chronotropic, dromotropic, inotropic or lusitropic effect/s?{{c1::Yes. All (lusitropy for SANS only)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Mechanism behind chronotropy (positive or negative){{c1::increased or decreased If}}
Published	07/30/2024	Mechanism behind dromotropic effects (positive or negative){{c1::increased or decreased size of inward Ca++ current }}
Published	07/30/2024	What accounts for the behavior of the heart as an electrical syncytium{{c1::Gap junctions in intercalated discs}}
Published	07/30/2024	Amount of Ca++ released from the SR during excitation-contraction coupling in the heart depends on (2):{{c1::1. Amount of Ca++ previous stored in SR2.…
Published	07/30/2024	VRCardiac cell1. ICF Ca++2. Maginitude of tension{{c1::increase in 1 → increase in 2}}
Published	07/30/2024	Mechanism behind inotropic effects (positive or negative){{c1::increased or decreased ICF Ca++}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cardiac Muscle{{c2::Afterload}} - heart wall tension during systole i.e. the pressure it must overcome to eject blood
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Optimal volume}} is the maximum ventricular volume where systolic pressure ceases to increase proportionatly to ventricular volume.
Published	07/30/2024	4 Phases of Cardiac Cycle (Guyton)Phase II: {{c1::Period of Isovolumic contraction}}
Published	07/30/2024	4 Phases of Cardiac Cycle (Guyton)Phase III: {{c1::Period of Ejection}}
Published	07/30/2024	4 Phases of Cardiac Cycle (Guyton)Phase IV: {{c1::Period of Isovolumic Relaxation}}
Published	07/30/2024	Digitalis/digoxin/digitoxin{{c1::positive::+/-}} inotropy
Published	07/30/2024	Digitalis/digoxin/digitoxin{{c1::negative::+/-}} chronotropy
Published	07/30/2024	Action potential is transmitted from the SA node to the AV node via {{c1::internodal fibers}}
Published	07/30/2024	Duration of the absolute refractory period in plateau potentialsFrom: {{c1::initation of action potential}}Up to: {{c2::middle of phase 3}}
Published	07/30/2024	Myocardial cells {{c1::do NOT::do/do not}} exhibit force summation
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::(cardiac) L-type}} calcium channels contain a {{c1::dihydropyridine}} receptor subunit
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Cardiac}} muscle contraction: {{c2::electro}}{{c3::chemical}}(DHP→RYR)
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Inhibition}} of Na+-K+ ATPase causes {{c2::positive}} inotropy
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Inhibition}} of Ca+-Na+ exchanger causes {{c2::positive}} inotropy
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::right}} ventricle contracts slightly earlier than the {{c1::left}} ventricle
Published	07/30/2024	Ryanodine receptor channels in {{c1::cardiac}} muscles are {{c2::ligand}}-gated
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Resequestration of Ca++::trigger}} terminates contraction of {{c2::cardiac::skeletal vs. cardiac vs. smooth}} muscles
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::HypER}}kalemia causes {{c2::negative}} dromotropy
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::HypER}}kalemia causes {{c2::positive (only initially)}} chronotropy
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::HypER}}calcemia causes {{c2::positive}} inotropy
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::HypER}}kalemia causes {{c2::negative}} inotropy
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Energy source of the heart during oxidative metabolism 1. fatty acids 2. glucose{{c2::A}}
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