Notes in COPD:Aetiologies, Symptoms and Aids to diagnosis LECTURE 11

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Published	01/07/2025	Define COPD
Published	01/07/2025	What is the relationship between COPD and age?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the relationship between FEV1 and Age? (2)what accelerates this?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the link between COPD and social deprivation?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the main cause of COPD?How do pipe smoking and cigars contribute to COPD compared with cigarettes?
Published	01/07/2025	What could be an indicator in the risk of developing COPD in terms of smoking?
Published	01/07/2025	What % of those who smoke develop COPD?
Published	01/07/2025	Other than smoking, what could contribute developing COPD? (3)
Published	01/07/2025	Approximately 1-2% of COPD cases are due to an enzyme, which is inherited. What is the name of this enzyme?
Published	01/07/2025	How do we know if a patient has chronic bronchitis?
Published	01/07/2025	A patient walks into the clinic, they tell the doctor that they have had sputum production for at least 3 months out of the year for 2 consecutive yea…
Published	01/07/2025	Define emphysema (2)
Published	01/07/2025	What is this definition reffering to?Destruction of alveoli distal to the terminal bronchioleResulting in loss of elastic supporting tissue
Published	01/07/2025	What are the consequences of emphysema in terms of gas exchange and transfer factor? (2)
Published	01/07/2025	Describe the pathophysiology of COPD (4):- α-1 antitrypsin function?- what does cigarette smoking activate and what do they secrete?- what i…
Published	01/07/2025	In healthy lungs, what is the enzyme that protects the lung from neutrophil elastase?
Published	01/07/2025	What activates neutrophils in the lungs?
Published	01/07/2025	In the lungs, what must there be a balance of? (COPD)
Published	01/07/2025	Pathophysiology of COPD:•Patients with chronic bronchitis develop {{c1::inflammation}} of the airways with {{c1::fixed}} {{c1::structural}} {{c1::chan…
Published	01/07/2025	What do patients with chronic bronchitis develop?
Published	01/07/2025	What causes viscous mucus which is hard to clear?
Published	01/07/2025	In the pathophysiology of COPD, viscous mucus which is hard to clear is formed. What does this mucus act as?
Published	01/07/2025	In the pathophysiology, the host's defence mechanisms are compromised, what causes this?What are the consequences of this?
Published	01/07/2025	Recurrent infections can have an impact on an individuals anatomy, what effects do recurrent infections have?
Published	01/07/2025	How does COPD affect airway resistance and elastic coil of the lungs?
Published	01/07/2025	Airways of individuals that have COPD have a tendency to...causing...
Published	01/07/2025	What are the effects of an airway collapse on breathing?- individuals need to use?
Published	01/07/2025	What are the causes of end-stage COPD? (2)
Published	01/07/2025	What is right heart failure due to chronic lung disease called?
Published	01/07/2025	b1f7844d9fe84cbdab3131ef5826e389-ao-1
Published	01/07/2025	In what type of individuals should a diagnosis of COPD be suspected?
Published	01/07/2025	What would confirm a diagnosis of COPD?
Published	01/07/2025	What are the typical symptoms of COPD? (9)
Published	01/07/2025	What are the clinical signs of COPD? (10)
Published	01/07/2025	What are the signs of right heart failure? (2)
Published	01/07/2025	What would spirometry show for an individual with COPD?-FEV1-FEV1/FVC ratio
Published	01/07/2025	what condition?No reversibility to bronchodilator 20 minutes after 200 mcg inhaled salbutamol with the FEV1 increasing by at least 15% of baseline or …
Published	01/07/2025	What would a lung function test conducted on an individual with COPD show?-TLC -RV-TLCO/DLCO
Published	01/07/2025	What do we use to determine the the extent of breathlessness?
Published	01/07/2025	Why is it important to determine the extent of breathlessness?
Published	01/07/2025	What are the advantages of a baseline measurement test for COPD?- includes FEV1, FVC and PEF.
Published	01/07/2025	Outline the mMRC Dyspnoea scale
Published	01/07/2025	•GLOBAL INITIATIVE for COPD (GOLD) defines severity of COPD as Mild, Moderate, Severe and Very Severe based on Spirometry values when FEV1/FVC < 70…
Published	01/07/2025	What would a chest x-ray show in COPD? (3)
Published	01/07/2025	What would a HRCT in a smoker with COPD show?
Published	01/07/2025	Aside from spirometry and HRCT, what investigations would you conduct on a COPD patient?(3)
Published	01/07/2025	What results would you expect to see in a COPD patient from a pulse oximetry?
Published	01/07/2025	What results would you expect to see in a COPD patient from an ABG?
Published	01/07/2025	When would you carry out cardiac investigations?
Published	01/07/2025	What can we use to assess the quality of life in a COPD patient?When are they used and why are they useful?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the prognosis in COPD dependent on?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the prognosis in COPD? (4)
Published	01/07/2025	What are the various forms of treatment factors we can use in the management of patients with COPD ? (4)
Published	01/07/2025	What is lung volume reduction surgery?
Published	01/07/2025	What are the various combinations that can be used for combinated inhaled therapy?
Published	01/07/2025	When treating COPD patients, what is SABA used for?
Published	01/07/2025	To what class of drugs does ipratropium bromide belong to?
Published	01/07/2025	How does atrovent work? (3)
Published	01/07/2025	What is the time for the onset of action for atrovent?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the duration of action for atrovent?
Published	01/07/2025	How is atrovent admistered in daily use?
Published	01/07/2025	How is atrovent administered for an acute exacerbation of asthma or COPD?
Published	01/07/2025	Describe the bronchodilator effect of atrovent in comparison to salbutamol
Published	01/07/2025	What is an advantage of atrovent?
Published	01/07/2025	Atrovent acts synergistically with...
Published	01/07/2025	Describe the systemic side effects of atrovent
Published	01/07/2025	How do muscarinic receptor antagonists work?
Published	01/07/2025	Give one example of a long-acting-muscarinic antagonist used to treat COPD
Published	01/07/2025	What are the advantages of a LAMA? (3)- causes?- reduces?- decreased production of?
Published	01/07/2025	how are LAMA's administered?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the duration of action for LAMA's? Why is it prolonged?
Published	01/07/2025	Why do SAMA/LAMA's cause side effects?
Published	01/07/2025	What are the side effects of SAMA/LAMA's? (8)
Published	01/07/2025	Why are systemic side effects of SAMA/LAMA's rare?
Published	01/07/2025	What are methlyxanthines?
Published	01/07/2025	To what class of drugs does theophylline belong to?
Published	01/07/2025	To what class of drugs does Aminophylline belong to?
Published	01/07/2025	Theophylline and Aminophylline are both methylxanthines but they are given at different times, when are they given?
Published	01/07/2025	Why do methylxanthines require monitoring of blood level?
Published	01/07/2025	Describe the therapeutic range of methylxanthines
Published	01/07/2025	What are methylxanthines metabolised by?
Published	01/07/2025	When do we prescribe antibiotics?
Published	01/07/2025	What must we be aware of when prescribing antibiotics to COPD patients? (6)
Published	01/07/2025	If a patient has streptococcus pneumonia, which antibiotic should we prescribe? (2)
Published	01/07/2025	Which antibiotic should we prescribe for a patient that has methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus?
Published	01/07/2025	To what class of drugs does clarithromycin belong to?
Published	01/07/2025	If someone with an acute exacerbation of COPD comes in, what are the different ways it could be managed?(6)
Published	01/07/2025	When do we prescribe oxygen?
Published	01/07/2025	Would we prescribe oxygen to a person with type 2 RF?If yes, how would this be administered?
Published	01/07/2025	What can inappropriate use of oxygen result in? (4)
Published	01/07/2025	Can we give oxygen to a person that comes in breathless? When may it be possible to give a breathless person oxygen?
Published	01/07/2025	What are the various methods that oxygen can be delivered through? (5)
Published	01/07/2025	When do we prescribe LTOT? (4)
Published	01/07/2025	Discharge planning for COPD:•{{c1::smoking cessation}} •appropriate {{c1::inhaled}} therapy: ICS/LABA/LAMA (+ {{c1::salbutamol}} for symptoms) •check …
Published	01/07/2025	What are the methods that are in place to improve survival in COPD patients?(4)
Published	01/07/2025	What type of anti-biotics can we prescribe to reduce COPD exacerbations a patient has?How many times a week should these be prescribed for?
Published	01/07/2025	What are the predominant cells in COPD compared to asthma?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the difference in spirometry between asthma patients and COPD patients?
Published	01/07/2025	How does lung function vary for asthma patients in comparison to COPD patients? -TLC-RV-TLCO
Published	01/07/2025	How does lung structure vary between asthma and COPD patients?
Published	01/07/2025	Define sleep apnoea.
Published	01/07/2025	What is obstructive sleep anoea?
Published	01/07/2025	What is Central sleep apnoea? (2)- cause- absence of?
Published	01/07/2025	What are the symptoms of obstructive sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome?(3)
Published	01/07/2025	What can happen as a result of obstructive sleep anoea/hypopnoea syndrome?
Published	01/07/2025	What are the risk factors for obstructive sleep aponoea/hypopnoea syndrome? (5)
Published	01/07/2025	What condition is this comparison portraying?What is it showing?
Published	01/07/2025	What are the symptoms of OSAHS? (9)
Published	01/07/2025	What are the risk factors as a result of OSAHS? (3)
Published	01/07/2025	What investigations do we take in OSAHS?(3)
Published	01/07/2025	What are the red flag symptoms of Sleep apnoea?(4)
Published	01/07/2025	What is the mechanism by which ipratropium bromide (muscarinic antagonist) leads to bronchodilation?
Published	01/07/2025	What may be a likely diagnosis if the following symptoms are present?  ObesityCollar sizeEnlarged tonsils/tongueNasal pathology Down's …
Published	01/07/2025	What could be a likely diagnosis if these symptoms are present?Haemoptysis (coughing up blood)Persistent unexplained fever/night sweatsWeigh…
Published	01/07/2025	The following could be side effects of what drug?Dry mouthBlurred visionClosed-angle glaucomaUrinary retentionCardiac arrhythmiasTaste disturbancesDiz…
Published	01/07/2025	What are the following symptoms of?BreathlessnessChronic coughFrequent Lower RT infectionsProgressive weight lossRegular sputumWheezeChest painNight s…
Published	01/07/2025	In a clinical examination, the following two clinical signs are common for which diagnosis?-Raised JVP-Ankle Oedema
Published	01/07/2025	•Snoring (partner complains)•Apnoeas (often noticed by partner)•Restless/disturbed sleep•Nocturnal choking•Morning headaches•Unrefreshed on waking•Noc…
Published	01/07/2025	When do we prescribe amoxicillin/clarithryomycin to a patient?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the mMRC Dyspnoea scale used for?
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