Notes in 01Microscopy

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Published	07/30/2024	a piece of glass/transparent material on which the material specimen is placed for examination under the microscope
Published	07/30/2024	a small, thin piece of glass used to cover the specimen on the microscope slide
Published	07/30/2024	The Slide is {{c1::thicker::thickness}} than the coverslip
Published	07/30/2024	technical term used by histologists to describe the microscopic appearance of cells and tissues after a histological section has been stained with a b…
Published	07/30/2024	Basophilic cells and tissues are {{c1::acidic::pH}}
Published	07/30/2024	attract basic dyes such as hematoxylin (H)
Published	07/30/2024	Basophilic substances are dyed what color?
Published	07/30/2024	a natural compound extracted from the heartwood ( dead, central wood ) of the logwood tree
Published	07/30/2024	Hematoxylin is used for staining the {{c1::nucleus}}
Published	07/30/2024	Hematoxylin acts as a {{c1::basic::pH}} dye
Published	07/30/2024	Hematoxylin is {{c1::cationic::what ionic?}} ({{c1::positively}} charged) and reacts with {{c2::negatively}} charged nucleic acids in the nucleus
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Eosinophilic}} - describes the appearance of cells and structures seen in histological sections which take up the staining dye eosin (E ) ; thes…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Eosinophils}} - attract {{c2::acidic::pH}} dyes such as eosin (E), and are dyed {{c2::red::color}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Eosin (E)}} - a synthetic xanthene dye that stains the {{c2::extracellular matrix}} and{{c2::cytoplasm}} {{c3::pink}}an {{c4::acidic::pH}} dye t…
Published	07/30/2024	Eosin is is {{c1::anionic}} ({{c1::negatively}} charged), thus it reacts with the {{c1::positively}} charged amino groups in proteins in the cytoplasm…
Published	07/30/2024	Eosin shows the {{c1::general::general/specific}} layout and distribution of cells
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Electron-dense}} - relatively impermeable to the electron beam of an electron microscope
Published	07/30/2024	Electron-{{c1::dense::dense/lucent}} areas of the sample scatter electrons, leading to dark areas in the image or dark image
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Electron-lucent}} - transparent to electrons , leading to a lighter image
Published	07/30/2024	Electron microscopes {{c1::do NOT::do/do not}} need stains
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Tissue section}} - tissues are cut into thin sections by a {{c2::microtome}}, then placed on a slide
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Paraffin}} - {{c1::paraffin (wax)}} supports the tissue structure and enables very thin sections to be cut and mounted onto microscope slides fo…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Frozen}} - a pathological laboratory procedure to perform rapid microscopic analysis of a specimen (“cryosurgery”)
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Resin}} - has numerous advantages over paraffin (improved morphology, lesser tissue shrinkage, thinner sections )
Published	07/30/2024	1590: {{c1::Zacharias Janssen}} created the first optical telescope which uses lenses to see far away objects.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::13th}} century: simple microscopes ( magnifying glasses/lens ) date back to the widespread use of lenses in eyeglasses that you have to hold.
Published	07/30/2024	1610: {{c1::Galileo Galilei}} was cited as the compound microscope inventor.
Published	07/30/2024	1625: {{c1::Giovanni Faber}} coined the name “microscope” for the one submitted by Galileo to the Accademia dei Lince.
Published	07/30/2024	Italian scientist {{c1::Marcello Malpighi}} (Father of Histology) began his analysis of biological structure with the lungs .
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Robert Hooke}} ’s Micrographia had a huge impact because of its impressive illustrations of what {{c1::Hooke}} saw. The first cells from an orga…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Antonie van Leeuwenhoek}} achieved up to 300 times magnification using a single lens or monocular microscope . He was called the “Father of Micr…
Published	07/30/2024	1893: {{c1::August Kohler}} developed a key principle of sample illumination ({{c1::Kohler}} illumination) which is central to achieving or adjusting …
Published	07/30/2024	1953: {{c1::Frits Zernike}} discovered phase contrast
Published	07/30/2024	1955: {{c1::Georges Nomarski}} discovered differential interference contrast illumination
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Microscope}}: an instrument used to see objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Eyepiece Lens}} – the lenses at the top that you look through ; usually 10x (default) or 15x power, but can range from 5x to 30x
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Tube}} – connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Head}} - Eyepiece + tube
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Arm}} – supports the tube and connects it to the base ; where you hold the microscope
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Base}} – the bottom of the microscope used for support
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Illuminator}} – a steady light source up through the bottom of the stage; can be a mirror that focuses an external light source
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Stage}} – the flat platform where you place your slides
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Mechanical Stage}} – useful at higher magnifications (> 400x); enables you to move a slide easily over fractional distances where fingers are…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Stage Clips}} - holds the glass slides in place
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Revolving Nosepiece or Turret}} – holds two or more objective lenses and can be rotated to easily change power
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Objective Lenses}} – the lenses at the bottom near the stage; almost always consist of 4x, 10x, 40x, and 100x powers
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Condenser}} - collects, focuses, and concentrates the light from the light source onto the specimen
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Condenser Focus Knob}} - used to adjust the vertical height of the condenser to better focus the light
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Iris Diaphragm}} - slit-like opening that controls the amount of light that reaches the specimen; situated within and works together with the co…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Coarse Adjustment Knob}} - moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. This knob produces large vertical movements of the stag…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Fine Adjustment Knob}} - used to bring the specimen into sharp focus under low power , and used for all focusing under high power
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Light/Power Switch}} - turns the illuminator on/off
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::optical microscope}} is also called {{c2::high power/biological}} microscope and also called a {{c2::compound lens}} microscope , because it…
Published	07/30/2024	2nd set: objective lenses⇨ Scanning Objective/Scanner - {{c1::4}}x⇨ Low Power Objective (LPO) - {{c1::10}}x⇨ High Power Objective (HPO) - {{c1::40}}x⇨…
Published	07/30/2024	Optical microscope resolution is limited to {{c1::0.25}} micrometers ; objectscloser than {{c1::0.25}} micrometers blur together
Published	07/30/2024	Total magnification = ({{c1::eyepiece power}}) x ({{c1::objective lens power}})
Published	07/30/2024	Electron microscopes can see resolution down to {{c1::0.2}} nanometers
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::SEM}} - produces 3D images of specimen’s surface only
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::TEM}} - produces 2D images of the plane section of the specimen
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Scanning Probe Microscope}} - Generates a three-dimensional (3D) image of surfaces and structures of a nanoscale specimen, in the level of atoms…
Published	07/30/2024	Specimen can be observed in real time with a {{c1::Scanning probe microscope}}
Published	07/30/2024	Specimen is manipulated using an electric current with the physical probe tip in a {{c1::scanning probe micsoscope}}
Published	07/30/2024	Look from the {{c1::side}} and turn the coarse adjustment knob to raise the stage
Published	07/30/2024	After raising the stage to the closest position to the objective lens, look through the eyepiece and slowly turn the coarse adjustment knob in the {{c…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Stains}} - Used to enhance contrast in the specimen , therefore improving the viewing experience.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hemotoxylin and Eosin}} is the most commonly used stain
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS)}} stains {{c2::complex carbohydrates}} a {{c3::magenta}} color
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Masson trichrome}} stains {{c2::collagen}} {{c3::green or blue}}, {{c2::nuclei and cytoplasm}} {{c3::red}}, and {{c2::muscle}} {{c3::purple}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Giemsa::stain}} is the standard stain for {{c2::blood cells}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Basic::pH}} dyes are colored {{c2::cations(+)}} that bind to {{c2::anion(-)}} substrates (e.g. DNA)
Published	07/30/2024	Eosin is {{c1::negatively}} charged
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Lowest::Lowest/Highest}} molecular weight dye is added {{c2::first}} so it can penetrate the nuclear membrane and stain the nucleus, and is then…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Progressive}} staining is a type of staining process in which you add the dye and color builds up over time
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Regressive staining}} - Type of staining process in which dye is added and overcolors everything. Successively, the excess is removed, which is …
Published	07/30/2024	Give an organelle that is basophilic.
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