Notes in 11Neisseria&Moraxella

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Published	07/30/2024	The Neisseriaceae family includes the following genera: - {{c1::Neisseria}}- {{c1::Kingella}}- {{c1::Eikenella}}- {{c1::Simon…
Published	07/30/2024	The two true pathogenic species of the Neisseria genus are: - {{c1::N. gonorrhoeae}}- {{c1::N. meningitidis}}
Published	07/30/2024	Neisseria meningitidis (Meningococci): - presence of polysaccharide capsules: {{c1::present}}- presence of plasmids: {{c2::rare}}- typical l…
Published	07/30/2024	Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gonococci): - presence of polysaccharide capsules: {{c1::absent}}- presence of plasmids: {{c2::present}}- typical loc…
Published	07/30/2024	A {{c1::plasmid}} is a small, circular DNA molecule found in bacteria that carries a small number of genes, notably some associated with {{c…
Published	07/30/2024	The Neisseriae are {{c1::Gram-negative::Gram neg/Gram pos}}, {{c1::intracellular::intracellular/extracellular}}, {{c1::coffee/kidney be…
Published	07/30/2024	Being intracellular bacteria, Neisseriae are located inside {{c1::polymorphonuclear}} cells, particularly {{c1::neutrophils}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Morphology & Identification of Neisseria: - motility: {{c1::motile}}- spore formation: {{c2::non-spore forming}}- glucose fermentat…
Published	07/30/2024	The modified Thayer-Martin culture media is {{c1::chocolate}} agar that contains: - {{c2::vancomycin}} inhibits {{c3::g+}}- {{c2::…
Published	07/30/2024	Culture media selective for the growth of {{c1::Neisseria}}:- {{c2::modified Thayer-Martin}} - {{c2::Martin-Lewis}} - {{…
Published	07/30/2024	Physiology of Neisseriae: - aerobic/non-aerobic: {{c1::aerobic}}- oxidase: {{c2::positive}}- catalase: {{c3::positive}}- optimum t…
Published	07/30/2024	N. gonorrhoeae oxidize {{c1::glucose::sugar/s}}
Published	07/30/2024	N. meningitidis oxidize {{c1::maltose and glucose::sugar/s}}.
Published	07/30/2024	N. gonorrhoeae can only grow on {{c1::enriched chocolate agar::culture media}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Many genes of Neisseria undergo {{c1::phase variation}} and {{c1::antigenic variation}} which facilitates adaptation and immune invasion and…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Transformation}} is the main mode of gene transer in Neisseriae.
Published	07/30/2024	Important proteins found on the outer membrane of Neisseriae capsules that are responsible for antigenicity:  - {{c1::Type 1 protein (p…
Published	07/30/2024	Has a polysaccharide capsule: {{c1::N. meningitidis::N. gonorrhoeae/N. meningitidis}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::lipooligosaccharide::neisseria virulence factor}} is an {{c2::endotoxin::endotoxin/exotoxin}} which contains a {{c3::lipid A …
Published	07/30/2024	Effects of lipooligosaccharide (LOS) of Neisseria:- {{c1::causes endothelial dysfunction}}- {{c1::causes release of inflammatory mediators v…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::pilus::Neisseria virulence factor}} facilitates initial attachment and anchoring to epithelial/endothelial cells, provides resistance t…
Published	07/30/2024	Types {{c1::1-2}} of N. gonorrhoeae are {{c2::virulent::virulent/avirulent}} and {{c2::have::have/do not have}} pili.
Published	07/30/2024	Types {{c1::3-5}} of N. gonorrhoeae are {{c2::avirulent::virulent/avirulent}} and {{c2::do not have have::have/do not have}} pili.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Por/porin proteins::Neisseria virulence factor}} are integral for metabolism because they form pores for the entry/exit of nutrients and waste i…
Published	07/30/2024	Por proteins are present in {{c1::N. meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae::Neisseria species}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Por A is silent in {{c1::N. gonorrhoeae::N. meningitidis/N. gonorrhoeae}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Opa/Opacity proteins::Virulence factor}} mediate firm attachment to eukaryotic cells.
Published	07/30/2024	In Neisseria, {{c1::Opaque}} colonies are seen in {{c2::localized infections}}.
Published	07/30/2024	In Neisseria, {{c1::Transparent}} colonies are seen in {{c2::pelvic inflammatory disease}} and {{c2::disseminated infections}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::IgA protease::Neisseria virulence factor}} cleaves IgA on mucosal surfaces.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::RmpM (Reduction-modifiable proteins)::Neisseria virulence factor}} protects other surface antigens (such as por protein, LOS) from bactericidal …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Iron-binding proteins (Transferrin)::Neisseria virulence factor}} scavenges iron from host cells.
Published	07/30/2024	The presence of N. gonorhoeae in a specimen is always significant because it is an {{c1::exclusive human pathogen}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Gonococci::Bacteria}} have evolved mechanisms for frequent switching from one antigenic form (pili, opa, LOS) to another antigenic form of the s…
Published	07/30/2024	Gonococci have multiple genes that code for the {{c1::pilin}} gene; one gene are inserted into the expression site.
Published	07/30/2024	Two notable plasmids responsible for resistance: - {{c1::TEM-1 type beta-lactamase}}- {{c1::TetM gene}}
Published	07/30/2024	The TEM-1 type beta-lactamase causes resistance to {{c1::penicillin}}, is transmissible by {{c2::conjugation}}
Published	07/30/2024	The TetM gene is responsible for {{c1::high level tetracycline resistance}} and is also present in.
Published	07/30/2024	Clinical presentations of {{c2::N. gonorrhoeae}} in men: most commonly {{c1::urethritis}}
Published	07/30/2024	Clinical presentations of {{c2::N. gonorrhoeae}} in women:- {{c1::cervicitis}}- {{c1::pelvic inflammatory disease}}
Published	07/30/2024	N. gonorrhoeae cannot infect squamous epithelium in {{c1::post pubescent}} women.
Published	07/30/2024	Clinical presentation of urethritis:- characteristics of discharge: {{c1::profuse, purulent, yellowish green in color}}- usual complaint: {{c2::p…
Published	07/30/2024	Diagnostic test for urethritis in men: {{c1::request a Gram stain}}
Published	07/30/2024	If the Gram stain is negative in a male patient, do you still request for a culture and NAATs (nucleic acid amplification test)?{{c1::No. 90-95% of th…
Published	07/30/2024	If the Gram stain is negative in a female patient, do you still request for a culture and NAATs (nucleic acid amplification test)?{{c1::Yes, in female…
Published	07/30/2024	Complications of urethritis:- {{c1::posterior urethritis}}- {{c1::epididymitis}}- {{c1::acute or chronic prostatitis}}- if left untreat…
Published	07/30/2024	In females, 90% of neisseria infection occurs in the {{c1::endocervical canal}}
Published	07/30/2024	Clinical presentation of cervicitis:- discharge characteristics: {{c1::scanty, mucopurulent discharge}}- {{c1::vaginal pruritus}}- {{c1…
Published	07/30/2024	Complications of cervicitis:- {{c1::pelvic inflammatory disease}}- {{c1::tubo-ovarian abscess}}- {{c1::ectopic pregnancies}}- {{c1::chr…
Published	07/30/2024	Other complications of gonococcal infections (both sexes):- {{c1::disseminated gonococcal infection}}- {{c1::gonococcal arthritis}}- {{…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Opthalmia neonatorum}} is a complication of gonococcal infections that is transmitted by contact of the eyes with infected genital secretions.
Published	07/30/2024	Mothers with gonococcal infections should deliver their babies by {{c1::C-section}} in order to prevent opthalmia neonatorum.
Published	07/30/2024	Opthalmia neonatorum can be prevented via instillation of {{c1::tetracyclin}}, {{c1::erythromycin}}, or {{c1::Crede's prophylaxis (silv…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Gonococcemia/Disseminated gonoccocal infection}} is the leading cause of {{c2::purulent arthritis}} in adults.
Published	07/30/2024	If a female has PID, since it is a disseminated infection, purulent exudates can spread to the liver and cause {{c1::Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome}}.
Published	07/30/2024	For the diagnosis of N. gonorrhoeae infection, the specimen can be cultured in: - {{c1::Thayer Martin media}}- {{c1::Chacko-Nair media}…
Published	07/30/2024	Thayer Martin Media is {{c1::Mueller Hinton}} agar + {{c1::chocolate sheep's blood}} + {{c1::antibiotics}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Martin Lewis media: replace {{c1::nystatin}} with {{c1::anisomycin}}.
Published	07/30/2024	New York City media is composed of:- {{c1::proteose peptone}}- {{c1::horse plasma}}- {{c1::hemoglobin with vancomycin}}- {{c1::col…
Published	07/30/2024	Specimens sent for diagnosis of N. gonorrhoeae infection should be incubated at {{c1::37°C}} with {{c1::5%}} CO2.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Sodium polyanethol sulfonate (SPS)}} is an anticoagulant for blood culture media which inhibits Neisseria.
Published	07/30/2024	For the culture of Neisseria, avoid using calcium alginates or cotton swabs; use {{c1::Dacron swabs}} instead.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::F::T/F}} It is not advisable to use direct plating due to the delicate nature of Neisseria.
Published	07/30/2024	Diagnosis of N. gonorrhoeae:- After 48 hours, tests that can be performed on the culture include:{{c1::Grams stain}}{{c1::Oxidase test}}{{c1::Agglutin…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT)}} is used to differentiate N. gonorrhoeae from N. meningitidis especially in non-genital infections.&nbsp…
Published	07/30/2024	!! NOT A CARD{{c1:: }}
Published	07/30/2024	N. gonorrhoeae is resistant to the following antibiotics:- {{c1::penicillin}}- {{c1::tetracycline}}- {{c1::spectinomycin}}- {{c1::…
Published	07/30/2024	Treatment for N. gonorrhoeae infection: - {{c1::3rd generation cephalosporin with co-treatment with anti-chlamydial agents}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::F::T/F}} Protective immunity against N. gonorrhoeae can develop.
Published	07/30/2024	NOT A CARD{{c1:: }}
Published	07/30/2024	Chemoprophylaxis in newborns (for prevention of N. gonorrhea infection): {{c1::0.5% erythromycin}} or {{c1::1% tetracyclin ointment for conj…
Published	07/30/2024	Ages commonly affected by N. meningitidis:- {{c1::infancy}}- {{c1::young adults (15-25 y/o)}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::nasopharynx}} is the most common site of colonization, carriage, and transmission for N. meningitidis.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::T::T/F}} Humans are the only natural hosts for whom meningococci are pathogenic.
Published	07/30/2024	N. meningitidis is transmitted by:- {{c1::direct contact w/ respiratory secretions}}- {{c1::inhalation of droplet nuclei}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Deficiency of bactericidal antibody or complement}} is the single most important predisposing factor in systemic menigococcal infection.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Asymptomatic::Asymptomatic/Symptomatic}} carriage is the most common form of infection (N. meningitidis).
Published	07/30/2024	Most common forms of symptomatic infection w/ N. meningitidis:- {{c1::acute meningitis}}- {{c1::meningococcemia}}
Published	07/30/2024	incubation period of N. meningitidis infection: {{c1::1-10 days}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Acute meningitis}}- {{c2::~40%::percentage}}- clinically indistinguishable from other causes like S. pneumoniae
Published	07/30/2024	Clinical presentation of Meningococcemia:- {{c1::systemic inflamation}}- {{c1::capillary leak syndrome}}- {{c1::widespread thrombosis}}…
Published	07/30/2024	Diagnosis of N. meningitidis is via:- {{c1::culture}}- {{c1::Gram stain}}- {{c1::PCR}}
Published	07/30/2024	Drug of choice for treatment of N. meningitidis: {{c1::Penicillin G}}
Published	07/30/2024	Drugs used for treatment of N. meningitidis for patients who are allergic to penicillins: {{c1::chloramphenicol, 3rd generation cephalosporins (c…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Meropenem}} is a higher order antibiotic that is also used to treat N. meningitidis.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Polysaccharide}} vaccines provide {{c2::3-5 years::time}} protection against N. meningitidis.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Conjugate}} vaccines are more commonly used for protection against N. meningitidis.
Published	07/30/2024	Prophylactics for immediate intake for people who had contact with confirmed meningococcemia cases:- {{c1::rifampin}}- {{c1::ceftriaxone}}-&…
Published	07/30/2024	The Moraxellaceae contains 3 genera which are:- {{c1::Moraxella}}- {{c1::Acinetobacter}}- {{c1::Psychrobacter}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::T::T/F}} Moraxella is isolated only in humans.
Published	07/30/2024	Moraxella is a {{c1::Gram-negative::Gram-neg/Gram-pos}} {{c1::diplobacilli::shape}} that is a commensal of the {{c2::upper respiratory …
Published	07/30/2024	Clinical Infections caused by Moraxella:- {{c1::upper respiratory tract infections in otherwise healthy children and elderly}}- {{c1::COPD}}…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::T::T/F}} M. catarrhalis produces beta-lactamase.
Published	07/30/2024	M. catarrhalis is susceptible to the ff. antibiotics:- {{c1::amoxicillin-clavulanic acid/augmentin}}- {{c1::higher generation cephalosporins…
Published	07/30/2024	Moraxella catarrhalis:- {{c1::catalase positive::catalase positive/negative}}- {{c2::oxidase positive:: oxidase positive/negative}}- {{…
Published	07/30/2024	M. catarrhalis:- culture media: {{c1::CHOC agar}}- colony morphology: {{c2::smooth, gray, opaque colonies}}, {{c2::hockey puck colonies…
Published	07/30/2024	Can Neisseria grow anaerobically?{{c1::Y. If alternative electron inhibitors (e.g. nitrites) are available::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	Can Neisseria grow with a scented candle??{{c1::N::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Por/porin proteins::Neisseria virulence factor}} may impact intracellular killing of gonococci within neutrophils by preventing phagosome-l…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Anterior}} urethritis is more common among men.
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