Notes in 01 Microview of the NS

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Published	09/03/2024	For each ATP consumed, the sodium-potassium pump transfers {{c1::3 Na+}} out of the cell (pump phosphorylated)
Published	09/03/2024	For each ATP consumed, the sodium-potassium pump transfers {{c1::2 K+}} into the cell (pump dephosphorylated)
Published	09/03/2024	The resting membrane potential of cardiac cells is determined primarily by {{c1::potassium (K+)}} ions
Published	09/03/2024	Phase {{c1::0}} of the myocardial action potential is characterized by rapid {{c2::upstroke/depolarization}}
Published	09/03/2024	Phase 0 of the myocardial action potential is caused by opening of voltage-gated {{c1::Na+}} channels
Published	09/03/2024	Phase {{c1::1}} of the myocardial action potential is characterized by {{c2::initial repolarization}}
Published	09/03/2024	Phase 1 of the myocardial action potential is caused by inactivation of voltage-gated {{c1::Na+}} channels and opening of voltage-gated {{c1::K+}} cha…
Published	09/03/2024	Phase {{c1::2}} of the myocardial action potential is characterized by {{c2::plateau}}
Published	09/03/2024	Phase 2 of the myocardial action potential (plateau) is caused by a balance of {{c1::K+}} efflux and {{c1::Ca2+}} influx through voltage-gat…
Published	09/03/2024	The calcium channels that open during the plateau phase (myocardial action potential) are {{c1::L}}-type channels
Published	09/03/2024	The influx of calcium during the plateau phase of a myocardial action potential triggers release of Ca2+ from the {{c1::sarcoplasmic reticulum}}, caus…
Published	09/03/2024	Phase {{c1::3}} of the myocardial action potential is characterized by {{c2::rapid repolarization}}
Published	09/03/2024	Phase 3 of the myocardial action potential is caused by massive efflux of {{c1::K+}} and closure of voltage-gated {{c1::Ca2+}} channels
Published	09/03/2024	Phase {{c1::4}} of the myocardial action potential is characterized by a return to {{c2::resting membrane potential}}
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Excitability}} is the ability of cardiac cells to initiate action potentials in response to inward, depolarizing current
Published	09/03/2024	The {{c1::absolute}} refractory period refers to the period in which no action potential can be initiated
Published	09/03/2024	In cardiac cells, the absolute refractory period begins with the {{c1::upstroke}} and ends after the {{c2::plateau}}
Published	09/03/2024	The {{c1::effective}} refractory period refers to the period in which a(n) {{c2::conductive}} action potential cannot be generated
Published	09/03/2024	The {{c1::relative}} refractory period refers to the period in which a second action potential is possible, but requires a greater-than-normal stimulu…
Published	09/03/2024	Cocaine exerts its effects via inhibition of the {{c1::NET}} and {{c1::DAT}} transporters (reuptake inhibitor)
Published	09/03/2024	Which part of the neuron receives input from the axons of other neurons?{{c1::Dendrites}}
Published	09/03/2024	Which part of the neuron contains organelles (e.g. Golgi, ER, etc.)?{{c1::Cell body (Soma)}}
Published	09/03/2024	Which part of the neuron sends output (electrical impulses) to other neurons?{{c1::Axons}}
Published	09/03/2024	The proximal part of an axon is usually marked by a(n) {{c1::axon hillock}}, which is a tapered extension of the cell body that lacks Nissl subst…
Published	09/03/2024	The {{c3::cell body}} and {{c3::dendrites}} of a neuron can be seen histologically with {{c1::Nissl}} staining, which stains {{c2::RER}}
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Glial}} cells refer to the non-neuronal cells of nervous system
Published	04/15/2024	{{c2::Oligodendrocytes}} are responsible for myelinating axons of neurons in the {{c1::central}} nervous system
Published	09/03/2024	Each oligodendrocyte can myelinate {{c1::many}} axon(s)
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Astrocytes}} are glial cells that help mediate {{c2::K+}} ion metabolism
Published	09/03/2024	Which type of glial cell acts as a glycogen fuel reserve buffer? {{c1::Astrocytes}}
Published	09/03/2024	{{c2::Astrocytes}} are glial cells that provide {{c1::physical}} support and repair for the nervous system
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Astrocytes}} are glial cells that are capable of removing excess neurotransmitters
Published	09/03/2024	What protein is used as an astrocyte marker? {{c1::GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein)}}
Published	09/03/2024	{{c2::Astrocytes}} are glial cells that are responsible for {{c1::reactive gliosis}} in response to neural injury
Published	04/15/2024	{{c2::Schwann cells}} are responsible for myelinating axons of neurons in the {{c1::peripheral}} nervous system
Published	09/03/2024	Each Schwann cell can myelinate {{c1::one}} axon(s)
Published	09/03/2024	In myelinated cells, nodes of {{c2::Ranvier}} increase conduction velocity via {{c1::saltatory}} conduction
Published	09/03/2024	Myelin wraps and insulates axons, thus {{c1::increasing}} the space (length) constant
Published	09/03/2024	Myelin wraps and insulates axons, thus {{c1::decreasing}} the time constant
Published	09/03/2024	Conduction velocity is increased when the time constant is {{c1::decreased}}
Published	09/03/2024	Conduction velocity is increased when the space (length) constant is {{c1::increased}}
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Ependymal}} cells line the ventricles in the adult brain
Published	09/03/2024	Ependymal cells have {{c1::cilia}}, which helps circulate CSF
Published	09/03/2024	Some ependymal cells differentiate into choroid epithelial cells, which produce {{c1::CSF}}
Published	09/03/2024	Which type of glial cell is a derivative of mononuclear phagocytes?{{c1::Microglia}}
Published	09/03/2024	Microglia are activated in response to {{c1::tissue damage}}
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Pericytes}} are microglia that contribute to the blood-brain barrier
Published	09/03/2024	What type of filament is used by axons for axonal transport (retrograde and anterograde)? {{c1::Microtubules}}
Published	09/03/2024	Which molecular motor protein is used for retrograde axonal transport? {{c1::Dynein}}
Published	09/03/2024	One component of the blood-brain barrier is {{c1::foot processes}} from astrocytes
Published	09/03/2024	One component of the basal ganglia is the {{c1::substantia nigra}}, which is located in the rostral {{c2::midbrain}}
Published	09/03/2024	Which part of the basal ganglia sends dopaminergic neurons to the striatum to alter activity of both basal ganglia pathways? {{c1::Substantia nigra}}
Published	09/03/2024	The {{c2::basal nucleus of Meynert}} is responsible for the synthesis of {{c1::acetylcholine}}
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::GABA}} is the main {{c2::inhibitory}} neurotransmitter of the CNS
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)}} is a neurotransmitter derived from the amino acid {{c2::glutamate}}
Published	09/03/2024	Synthesis of GABA from glutamate requires {{c1::vitamin B6}} as a cofactor
Published	09/03/2024	The {{c2::nucleus accumbens}} is responsible for synthesis of the neurotransmitter {{c1::GABA}}
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Glycine}} is the main {{c2::inhibitory}} neurotransmitter of the spinal cord
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Glutamate}} is the main {{c2::excitatory}} neurotransmitter of the CNS
Published	09/03/2024	The GABAA receptor is a ligand-gated {{c1::Cl-}} channel
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Benzodiazepines}}, {{c2::barbiturates}}, and {{c3::alcohol}} all bind different allosteric sites of the GABAA receptor
Published	09/03/2024	Benzodiazepines can cause {{c1::tolerance}} by downregulating GABAA receptors
Published	09/03/2024	Barbiturates exert their effects via binding to an allosteric site on the {{c1::GABAA}} receptor
Published	09/03/2024	What anti-epileptics may be used in the treatment of bipolar disorder?{{c1::Valproate}}, {{c2::carbamazepine}}, and {{c3::lamotrigine}}
Published	09/03/2024	Lamotrigine exerts its effects by increasing {{c1::Na+}} channel {{c2::inactivation}}
Published	09/03/2024	What is the first line treatment for partial (focal) seizures?{{c1::Carbamazepine}}
Published	09/03/2024	Carbamazepine exerts its effects by blocking {{c1::Na+}} channels
Published	09/03/2024	What is the first line treatment for trigeminal neuralgia?{{c1::Carbamazepine}}
Published	04/15/2024	Baclofen exerts its effects by {{c2::activation}} of {{c1::GABAB}} receptors at the spinal cord level, causing muscle {{c3::relaxation}}
Published	09/03/2024	What toxin is found in pufferfish?{{c1::Tetrodotoxin}}
Published	09/03/2024	Tetrodotoxin binds fast voltage-gated {{c1::Na+}} channels in cardiac/nerve tissue, preventing depolarization
Published	09/03/2024	Does tetrodotoxin cause or prevent depolarization? {{c1::Prevent}}
Published	09/03/2024	What cells synthesize the myelin for cranial nerve II?{{c1::Oligodendrocytes}}
Published	09/03/2024	What cells synthesize the myelin for cranial nerves III through XII?{{c1::Schwann cells}}
Published	09/03/2024	What is the treatment for Tetrodotoxin and Ciguatoxin poisoning?{{c1::Supportive care}}
Published	09/03/2024	What cells synthesize the myelin for cranial nerve I?{{c1::None}}
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Published	09/03/2024	Of axons and dendrites, which arises first during embryonic development?{{c1::Axons}}
Published	09/03/2024	Of axons and dendrites, which can the neuron have multiple of?{{c1::Dendrites}}
Published	09/03/2024	Of axons and dendrites, which can be myelinated?{{c1::Axons}}
Published	09/03/2024	Of axons and dendrites, which can be found far away from the cell body?{{c1::Axons}}
Published	09/03/2024	Of axons and dendrites, which have a tapering diameter?{{c1::Dendrites}}
Published	09/03/2024	GAD67 is a molecular marker found in {{c1::GABA}}-ergic neurons
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Published	09/03/2024	Neurons whose neurotransmitters are sometimes excitatory and sometimes inhibitory are called {{c1::neuromodulatory}}
Published	09/03/2024	An axon that synapses on the postsynaptic neuron's axon initial segment is likely to have a {{c1::more::more/less}} potent effect than an axon th…
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Published	09/03/2024	Action potentials cannot travel backwards because the {{c1::Na}} channels on the previous segment of the axon are in the {{c1::inactivated}} stat…
Published	09/03/2024	The axon initial segment is enriched in {{c1::voltage-gated Na::ion and type}} channels
Published	09/03/2024	The axon terminal is enriched in {{c1::voltage-gated Ca::ion and type}} channels
Published	09/03/2024	Does batrachotoxin cause or prevent depolarization?{{c1::Cause}}
Published	09/03/2024	Dalfampridine exerts its effects by {{c2::blocking::opening/blocking}} {{c1::K+}} channels, which helps to improve {{c3::walking s…
Published	09/03/2024	Retigabine exerts its effects by {{c2::opening::opening/blocking}} {{c1::K+}} channels
Published	09/03/2024	When ligand-gated ion channels open, they create a {{c1::graded::action vs graded}} potential
Published	09/03/2024	Neurotransmitters can bind to both ionotropic and metabotropic receptors, but {{c1::iono}}tropic receptors produce a faster response
Published	09/03/2024	Ionotropic receptors have {{c1::4}} transmembrane domains, while metabotropic receptors have {{c1::7}}
Published	09/03/2024	Nicotinic receptors are {{c1::iono}}tropic, while muscarinic receptors are {{c1::metabo}}tropic
Published	09/03/2024	Latrotoxin produced by black widow spiders works by {{c1::increasing::Δ}} {{c1::Ach::NT}} release
Published	09/03/2024	Curare {{c2::blocks::activates/blocks}} post-synaptic Ach receptors
Published	09/03/2024	GABAA receptors are {{c1::iono}}tropic, and GABAB receptors are {{c1::metabo}}tropic
Published	09/03/2024	AMPA receptors are {{c1::iono}}tropic, and NMDA receptors are {{c1::iono}}tropic
Published	09/03/2024	The two types of ionotropic glutamate receptors are {{c1::AMPA}} and {{c1::NMDA}}
Published	09/03/2024	In order to open, NMDA receptors need {{c1::depolarization}}, {{c1::glutamate}}, and {{c1::glycine}}
Published	09/03/2024	Once they are open, NMDA receptors allow for the influx of {{c1::Na and Ca}}
Published	09/03/2024	The GABAergic neurons of the striatum are called {{c1::medium spiny}} neurons
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