Notes in Immune Response

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Published	09/05/2023	Two subdivisions of the immune system
Published	09/05/2023	Explain the time of action, specificity, and memory of the innate immune response
Published	09/05/2023	Explain the time of action, specificity, and memory of the adaptive immune response
Published	09/05/2023	Innate immune cells are non-specific meaning they cannot distinguish between {{c1::different pathogens}}.
Published	09/05/2023	What are some innate immune barriers?
Published	09/05/2023	Cells of the adaptive immune response have different {{c1::receptors}} to differentiate pathogens from each other.
Published	09/05/2023	The cells that are activated in the adaptive response undergo {{c1::clonal expansion}} which means that they massively proliferate.
Published	09/05/2023	Clonal deletion
Published	09/05/2023	{{c1::Hematopoiesis}} is the formation of blood cellular components.
Published	09/05/2023	Cells of the innate immune response
Published	09/05/2023	The {{c1::neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils }} are considered granulocytes
Published	09/05/2023	Neutrophils are subclassified further into {{c1::polymorphonuclear cells (PMN cells)}} (subdivision of granulocytes).
Published	09/05/2023	{{c2::Neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and monocytes}} use {{c1::phagocytosis}} to destroy pathogens
Published	09/05/2023	Process of using cytoplasmic granules to destroy pathogens:
Published	09/05/2023	Process of using oxidative burst to destroy pathogens:
Published	09/05/2023	NADPH Oxidase
Published	09/05/2023	superoxide dismutase function
Published	09/05/2023	In the presence of {{c1::NADPH and O2}}, arginine is converted into {{c2::nitric oxide (NO)}} by an enzyme called {{c3::inducible nitric oxide synthas…
Published	09/05/2023	{{c1::Antigen presentation}} connects the innate and adaptive immune systems
Published	09/05/2023	Cells of the adaptive immune system
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Lymphocytes}} originate in the bone marrow but only {{c2::B lymphocytes}} mature there; {{c3::T lymphocytes}} migrate to the {{c4::thymus}} to u…
Published	09/05/2023	Professional antigen preseting cells (APCs)
Published	09/05/2023	{{c2::B-cells}} {{c1::can}} bind antigens without MHC presentation.
Published	09/05/2023	{{c1::T-cell activation}} can help a B-cell mature into a {{c2::plasma cell}}.
Published	09/05/2023	Function of plasma cells
Published	09/05/2023	{{c2::CD8 T-cells}} recognize antigens presented by {{c1::MHC class 1}} on infected cells.
Published	09/07/2023	{{c2::CD4 cells}} recognize antigens presented by {{c1::MHC class II}} on {{c3::macrophages+B-cells+dendritic cells}}
Published	09/05/2023	What do CD8 cells do after viral antigen recognition?
Published	09/05/2023	What do CD4 cells do after antigen recognition?
Published	09/05/2023	All T-cells are {{c1::CD3+,}} because {{c1::CD3}} is part of the T-cell antigen receptor.
Published	09/05/2023	Pathogens have molecules that humans don’t have called {{c1::pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).}}
Published	09/05/2023	Examples of PAMPs
Published	09/05/2023	Two main groups of PRRs
Published	09/05/2023	{{c1::TLRs (toll-like receptors)}} are single polypeptide chains that make a single pass through the plasma membrane
Published	09/05/2023	TLRs {{c1::1, 2, 4, 5, and 6}} are located {{c2::on the cell surface}} and bind extracellular PAMPs (e.g., peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharides)
Published	09/05/2023	TLRs {{c1::3, 7, 8, and 9 }} are located {{c2:: within the cell}} and bind intracellular PAMPs (e.g., viral RNA, DNA)
Published	09/05/2023	Any TLR binding activitates {{c1::NF-kB (transcription factor)}} which boosts {{c2::cytokine secretion}}
Published	09/05/2023	Intracellular TLR binding activitates {{c1::IFN-a, IFN-b (interferons)}} which interfere with {{c2:: viral replication}}
Published	09/05/2023	Lymphocytes of the adaptive response are selected to respond to {{c1::non-self antigens}}.
Published	09/05/2023	{{c1::Cellular}} immunity is short-range, {{c2::humoral}} immunity is long-range; both types of immunity generate {{c3::memory.}}
Published	09/05/2023	In acquired immunity, the {{c1::population of effector immune cells}} is modulated by each infection.
Published	09/05/2023	Degranulation
Published	09/05/2023	{{c1::NK cells and innate lymphoid cells}} are lymphocytes that are part of the innate reponse.
Published	09/05/2023	The {{c2::central lymphoid tissues}} are the {{c1::bone marrow and thymus}}
Published	09/05/2023	The adaptive immune response begins in the {{c1::secondary lymphoid tissue }}
Published	09/05/2023	The {{c1::thymus}} (primary lymphoid tissue) decreases in size as we get older.
Published	09/05/2023	{{c1::Naïve T- and B-lymphocytes}} circulate through the blood & lymph, investigating the secondary lymphoid tissues for {{c2::infections. &n…
Published	09/05/2023	{{c1::Diapadesis (extravasation)}} is the process of cell movement out of the circulatory system and towards the site of tissue inflammation and …
Published	09/05/2023	{{c1::T-cell receptors}} recognize {{c2::antigen fragments}}
Published	09/05/2023	{{c1::B-cell receptors}} & {{c1::soluble antibodies}} recognize {{c2::intact antigen}}
Published	09/05/2023	When a lymphocyte receptor encounters cognate antigen, its population expands by the process of {{c1::clonal selection }}
Published	09/07/2023	An {{c1::epitope}} is the antigen region that contacts the antibody/B-cell receptor?
Published	09/05/2023	CD28-CD80 interaction is {{c1::co-stimulatory}} and {{c2::enhances T-cell activation}}
Published	09/05/2023	{{c1::MHC class II}} molecules present {{c2::exogenous (extracellular)}} antigen to {{c3::CD4+ T-helper (Th)}} cells
Published	09/05/2023	MHC class II molecules are constitutively expressed on the surface of {{c1::professional antigen-presenting cells}}
Published	09/05/2023	{{c2::MHC class I molecules}} are constitutively expressed on the surface of {{c1::most nucleated cells. }}
Published	09/05/2023	{{c1::MHC class I}} molecules present {{c2::endogenous (intracellular)}} antigen to {{c3::CD8+ cytotoxic T cells}}
Published	09/05/2023	MHC Class II Presentation Pathway
Published	09/05/2023	MHC Class I Presentation Pathway
Published	09/05/2023	Peptides produced in the cytosol are transported to the ER via {{c1::the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP).}}
Published	09/05/2023	Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome
Published	09/05/2023	How is MHC II "freed" to bind to peptide fragments?
Published	09/05/2023	Endogenous antigen must be tagged with {{c1::poly-ubiquitin}} then degraded in a {{c2::proteasome}}.
Published	09/05/2023	Lymph node collects antigens from {{c1::epithelia and connective tissue}}
Published	09/05/2023	Blood-borne antigens are captured by antigen-presenting cells in the {{c1::spleen}}.
Published	09/05/2023	GALT and MALT
Published	09/05/2023	Methods of diagnosing SARS-CoV-2
Published	09/05/2023	Infections disease testing can be broken down into {{c1::amplifed}} testing and {{c2::unamplified}} testing.
Published	09/05/2023	{{c2::Unamplified}} methods of testing include {{c1::serology, microscopy, and antigen testing}}
Published	09/05/2023	The more {{c1::sensitive}} a test, the {{c2::less likely}} an individual with a negative test will have the disease and thus the {{c3::greater}} the n…
Published	09/05/2023	The more {{c1::specific}} the test, the {{c2::less likely}} an individual with a positive test will be free from disease and the {{c3::greater}} the {…
Published	09/05/2023	Real-time PCR detects a target by measuring {{c1::fluorescence}} of selected probes
Published	09/05/2023	How does viral culture work?
Published	09/05/2023	How do ELISA antibody assays work?
Published	09/05/2023	The {{c1::hemagglutinin (HA) protein}} on the surface of the {{c3::influenza virus}} binds to {{c2::sialic acid receptor}} on respiratory epithel…
Published	09/05/2023	A good sputum culture has abundant {{c1::leukocytes}}, low {{c1::squamous epithelial}} cell count, and numerous bacteria of {{c1::one morphotype.}}&nb…
Published	09/05/2023	How does post-viral bacterial pneumonia occur?
Published	09/05/2023	What abnormal finding in the chest x-ray do we see?
Published	09/05/2023	{{c1::Lobar}} pneumonia is often due to bacterial infection, but may occur with viruses, fungi, mycobacteria.
Published	09/05/2023	{{c1::Cavitary}} pneumonia may be due to necrotizing bacteria (MRSA, Pseudomonas) mycobacteria, or fungal pathogens
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Published	09/05/2023	Activated B cells differentiate to {{c1::plasmablasts}} that secrete large quantities of {{c1::specific antibodies}} before dying
Published	09/05/2023	{{c2::memory B cells}} can be activated in the event of {{c1::repeated pathogen presence}}
Published	09/05/2023	After being {{c1::primed}} by an APC, T-cells mature into {{c2::CD4/Helper T cells}} or {{c2::CD8/cytotoxic T cells}}
Published	09/05/2023	Bacterial cell wall structures than can trigger innate immune activation include {{c1::peptidoglycan}}, {{c1::lipopolysaccharides}}, and&nbs…
Published	09/05/2023	Proinflammatory cytokines like {{c1::IL-1B, TNF-a, and IL-6}} trigger {{c2::vasodilation}}, {{c2::leukocyte activation}}, and {{c2::fever}} as part of…
Published	09/05/2023	Viral structures that can trigger an innate immune response are often their {{c1::RNA}} or {{c1::DNA}}
Published	09/07/2023	Hematopoesis in bone marrow produces {{c1::multipotent hematopoietic stem cells}}, which differentiate to {{c2::myeloid progenitor cells (in…
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