Notes in 02UrinalysisPhy

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	07/30/2024	Urine is {{c1::95}}% water
Published	07/30/2024	24 hour urine contains {{c1::60}}g of solids:{{c1::35}}g organic, {{c1::25}}g inorganic
Published	07/30/2024	Major organic solute in urine{{c1::Urea (accounts for nearly half of total dissolved solids)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Major inorganic solute in urine{{c1::Cl-}}
Published	07/30/2024	Normal 24-hour urine volume range: {{c1::600–2000}} mL
Published	07/30/2024	Average 24-hour urine volume range: {{c1::1200–1500}} mL
Published	07/30/2024	Night-to-day ratio of urine excretion {{c1::1:2 (or 1:3)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Polyuria cut-off: Adults: {{c1::>2.5 L/day}}Children: {{c1::>2.5–3 mL/kg/day}}
Published	07/30/2024	Oliguria cut-off: Adults: {{c1::<400 mL}}Infants: {{c2::<1 mL/kg/hr}}Children: {{c2::<0.5 mL/kg/hr}}
Published	07/30/2024	Nocturia cut-off:{{c1::>500 mL at night. Dilute (1.018 specific gravity)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Leak-proof containers for urine collection should have a capacity of {{c1::50}} mL
Published	07/30/2024	A minimum of {{c1::12}} mL is needed for microscopic analysis of urine
Published	07/30/2024	Urine specimens should be promptly tested within {{c1::2 hours::time}}
Published	07/30/2024	Refrigerated urine specimen must return to room temperature before {{c1::chemical testing (reagent strips)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Glucose content of unpreserved urine is decreased due to {{c1::bacterial glycolysis}}
Published	07/30/2024	Ketone content of unpreserved urine is decreased due to {{c1::volatilization}} and bacterial metabolism
Published	07/30/2024	Unpreserved urine contains more urobilinogen or urobilin?{{c1::Urobilin}}*bonus: why?
Published	07/30/2024	RBC casts and WBC casts disintegrate in {{c1::dilute alkaline}} urine
Published	07/30/2024	What type(s) of urine specimen is appropriate for routine screening? {{c1::1. Random*2. First morning3. Midstream clean-catch::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	What type(s) of urine specimen is appropriate for ruling out orthostatic proteinuria? {{c1::First morning}}
Published	07/30/2024	What type(s) of urine specimen is appropriate for pregnancy tests? {{c1::First morning}}
Published	07/30/2024	What type(s) of urine specimen is appropriate for bacterial culture? {{c1::1. Midstream clean-catch*2. Catheterized3. Suprapubic aspiration::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	What type(s) of urine specimen is appropriate for quantitative chemical tests? {{c1::24-hour urine (or timed)}}
Published	07/30/2024	What type(s) of urine specimen is appropriate for testing prostate infection? {{c1::Three-glass collection}}
Published	07/30/2024	A physician orders routine urinalysis and urine culture. Which do you perform first?{{c1::Culture}}
Published	07/30/2024	Before suprapubic aspiration of urine, make sure the patient has not voided in the last {{c1::30 minutes (to 1 hour)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urination of infants <6 months of age and be stimulated in 3 ways: {{c1::1. suprapubic tapping2. massaging lower back3. cold wet gauze on bladder…
Published	07/30/2024	Most commonly reported abnormal urine colors{{c1::Red and red-brown}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urine may be colorless due to {{c1::recent fluid consumption}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urine may be {{c2::pale yellow::color}} due to {{c1::polyuria}} or recent fluid consumption
Published	07/30/2024	Urine may be {{c1::bright yellow::color}} due to vitamin {{c2::B2}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urine may be {{c1::dark yellow}} with foam formation* due to presence of {{c2::bilirubin}}
Published	07/30/2024	Acriflavine may cause {{c1::dark yellow::color}} urine with possible green fluoresence
Published	07/30/2024	What antibiotics for UTI may cause a change in urine color Dark yellow - {{c1::nitrofurantoin}}Orange yellow - {{c1::phenazopyridine}}
Published	07/30/2024	Phenidione (anticoagulant) may cause {{c1::orange-yellow::color}} urine when urine is {{c2::alkaline::pH}} and {{c1::colorless::color}} when {{c2…
Published	07/30/2024	Urine may be {{c1::yellow-green}} with foam formation* due to presence of {{c2::biliverdin}} and is a false-{{c3::negative}} for the bi…
Published	07/30/2024	Urine may be {{c1::green::color}} due to {{c2::Pseudomonas}} infection
Published	07/30/2024	What is the cause of urine color change in red, cloudy urine with (+) urine test for blood{{c1::Hematuria (RBCs) (READ EXTRA)}}
Published	07/30/2024	What is the cause of urine color change in red, clear urine with clear plasma and (+) urine test for blood{{c1::Myoglobi…
Published	07/30/2024	What is the cause of urine color change in port wine urine with ({{c2::-}}) urine test for blood{{c1::Porphyrins}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Alkaptonuria}} is an inborn error of metabolism that causes {{c2::homogentisic acid}} buildup in body causing {{c3::brown::color}} urine color
Published	07/30/2024	What malignancy may cause excretion of black urine?{{c1::Melanoma}}
Published	07/30/2024	Methyldopa and Levodopa may cause {{c1::black::color}} urine
Published	07/30/2024	Metronidazole may cause {{c1::black::color}} urine
Published	07/30/2024	Argyrol may cause {{c1::black::color}} urine which disappears with {{c2::ferric chloride::chemical}}
Published	07/30/2024	Phenol derivatives may cause {{c1::black::color}} urine which may interfer with copper reduction tests
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Clarity{{c1::Clear}} - No visible particulates; transparent
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Clarity{{c1::Hazy}} - Few particulates; print easily seen through urine
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Clarity{{c1::Cloudy}} - Many particulates; print blurred through urine
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Clarity{{c1::Turbid}} - Print cannot be seen through urine
Published	07/30/2024	Urine Clarity{{c1::Milky}} - May precipitate or be clotted; presence of fat
Published	07/30/2024	Urine specific gravity helps asses {{c1::renal tubular function}}
Published	07/30/2024	Normal urine specific gravity of Urine: {{c1::1.002–1.030 (1.010)::range}}
Published	07/30/2024	Which methods measure urine specific gravity directly?{{c1::Harmonic oscillation densitometryUrinometry (based on buoyancy)*::2}}
Published	07/30/2024	Refractrometry to assess urine specific gravity is affected by molecular {{c1::size}}
Published	07/30/2024	Reagent strips for specific gravity do NOT detect {{c1::uncharged/nonionic}} solutes
Published	07/30/2024	Urine specific gravity may be mistakenly high (false-positive) when urine has high {{c1::protein}} concentrations
Published	07/30/2024	Urine specific gravity may be mistakenly low (false-negative) when urine is highly alkaline (pH > {{c1::6.5}})
Published	07/30/2024	Urine with an {{c1::aromatic}} odor is normal
Published	07/30/2024	Urine with a {{c1::ammonia-like}} odor may indicate UTI (bacterial decomposition)
Published	07/30/2024	Urine with a {{c1::fruity, sweet}} odor may indicate Ketoacidosis (DM, starvation, vomiting)
Published	07/30/2024	Urine with a {{c1::maple syrup-like}} odor may indicate Maple syrup urine disease
Published	07/30/2024	Urine with a {{c1::mousy}} odor may indicate Phenylketonuria
Published	07/30/2024	Urine with a {{c1::rancid}} odor may indicate Tyrosinemia
Published	07/30/2024	Urine with a {{c1::sweaty feet-like}} odor may indicate isovaleric acidemia
Published	07/30/2024	Urine with a {{c1::cabbage-like}} odor may indicate methionine malabsorption
Published	07/30/2024	Urine with a {{c1::bleach-like}} odor may indicate contamination
Published	07/30/2024	What pH indicator is used for testing urine specific gravity via reagent strip (multistix){{c1::Bromothymol blue}}*bonus: high specific gravity → what…
Published	07/30/2024	Unpreserved urine contains more nitrate or nitrite?{{c1::Nitrite}}
Published	07/30/2024	Which protozoa dies in unpreserved urine due to loss of motility{{c1::Trichomonas}}
Published	07/30/2024	Beets and dragonfruit may cause excretion of red urine when urine is {{c1::alkaline::pH}}
Published	07/30/2024	urine specific gravity is measured indirectly via reagent strip as the {{c1::release of H+::mechanism}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Specific gravity 1. Diabetes insipidus 2. Diabetes mellitus{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Bile test result when acriflavine causes dark yellow urine is {{c1::negative::+/-}}
Published	07/30/2024	Only non-pathologic cells that may cause urine turbidity: {{c1::squamous epithelial cells and sperm}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urine specimen is preserved via refrigeration at temperatures of {{c1::2–8}} °C
Published	07/30/2024	Unpreserved urine is {{c1::dark::color}}, {{c1::turbid::clarity}}, and smells like {{c1::ammonia::odor}}
Published	07/30/2024	Urine may be {{c1::dark yellow::color}} due to dehydration
Published	07/30/2024	Change in urine color: no answer {{c1::not worth it}}
Published	07/30/2024	What is the cause of urine color change in red, clear urine with red plasma and (+) urine test for blood{{c1::Hemoglobinuria}}
Published	07/30/2024	Rifampin may cause {{c1::red::color}} urine
Published	07/30/2024	Which methods measure urine specific gravity indirectly?{{c1::Reagent strip (based on pKa change)Refractometry (based on refractive index)::2}}
Status	Last Update	Fields