Notes in Week 1

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	01/03/2024	Cardinal signs of inflammation:{{c1::Dolor: pain}}{{c2::Calor: heat}}{{c3::Rubor: redness}}{{c4::Tumor: swelling}}{{c5::Functio laesa: loss of functio…
Published	01/03/2024	a36f136f4c82480687c21f09f5abeeed-oa-1
Published	01/03/2024	a36f136f4c82480687c21f09f5abeeed-oa-2
Published	01/03/2024	a36f136f4c82480687c21f09f5abeeed-oa-3
Published	01/03/2024	{{c1::Serous}} inflammation: exudate of cell-poor {{c2::fluid}} with {{c3::few}} inflammatory cells
Published	01/03/2024	{{c1::Serous}} inflammation examples: blisters, pleural effusion, and burns
Published	01/03/2024	{{c1::Purulent/suppurative}} inflammation: production of {{c2::pus}} (collection of {{c2::pus}} is an {{c3::abscess}}) often caused by {{c4::pyogenic}…
Published	01/03/2024	{{c1::Purulent/suppurative}} inflammation examples: acute bacterial pneumonia, acute appendicitis
Published	01/03/2024	{{c1::Cellulitis}}: infection of {{c2::skin}} and/or {{c2::soft tissue}} that causes redness, pain, and warmth
Published	01/03/2024	{{c1::Ulcer}}: local, full thickness defect of {{c2::surface epithelium}} produced by shedding of {{c3::necrotic}} tissue
Published	01/03/2024	{{c1::Lymphangitis}}: inflammation of {{c2::lymphatics}} such as in an {{c3::infected wound}}
Published	01/03/2024	{{c1::Fibrinous}} inflammation: severe {{c2::vascular}} leak where larger molecules leak out and form {{c3::fibrin}} meshwork on surface
Published	01/09/2024	4d7eaaa86a5d445cb602b5503c10198a-ao-1
Published	01/03/2024	4d7eaaa86a5d445cb602b5503c10198a-ao-2
Published	01/09/2024	4d7eaaa86a5d445cb602b5503c10198a-ao-3
Published	01/09/2024	4d7eaaa86a5d445cb602b5503c10198a-ao-4
Published	01/09/2024	2d1ae32a80da48fa9cff95746de213a2-ao-1
Published	01/03/2024	2d1ae32a80da48fa9cff95746de213a2-ao-2
Published	01/09/2024	2d1ae32a80da48fa9cff95746de213a2-ao-3
Published	01/06/2024	2d1ae32a80da48fa9cff95746de213a2-ao-4
Published	01/03/2024	Complement proteins are synthesized in the {{c1::liver}}
Published	01/03/2024	Complement proteins exist in plasma and on cell surfaces as inactive precursors called {{c1::zymogens}}
Published	01/03/2024	Complement proteins act as {{c1::proteases}} and cleave each other in the cascade
Published	01/03/2024	Complement activtion leads to cascade of reactions that occurs on the {{c1::surface}} of pathogens to generate active components
Published	01/03/2024	Complement cascade can cause {{c1::opsonization}} of invading pathogens by coating them with {{c2::C3b}} and {{c3::IgG}} activated phagocytosis
Published	01/03/2024	Complement cascade can cause {{c1::clearance}} of immune complexes and cellular debris
Published	01/06/2024	Complement cascade can cause {{c1::chemotaxis}} mediated by release of {{c2::C5a::complement}} into bloodstream
Published	01/03/2024	Complement cascade can cause direct {{c2::cytolysis}} of pathogens through formation of {{c1::membrane attack complex (MAC)}}
Published	01/03/2024	Complement cascade can cause {{c1::vascular}} changes such as {{c2::dilation}} by immune reactions to {{c3::C3a}}, {{c3::C4a}}, and {{c3::C5a}}
Published	01/03/2024	{{c1::C1}} activation initiates the {{c2::classical}} pathway of the complement system
Published	01/03/2024	Classical pathway of complement activation:{{c1::C1 complex}} binds to constant regions of immunoglobulins or directly to pathogen surfaceConformation…
Published	01/03/2024	{{c1::MBL}} pathway of complement activation:{{c1::MBL}} has two associated complexes (serine proteases), {{c2::MASP1}} and {{c2::MASP2}}When they bin…
Published	01/03/2024	Ficolin binds {{c1::acetylated}} {{c2::sugars}}
Published	01/03/2024	Formation of membrane attack complex:{{c1::C5b}} binds {{c2::C6}} and {{c2::C7}} forming the {{c3::C5b67}} complexComplex binds to membrane via {{c4::…
Published	01/03/2024	{{c1::C3a::Complements}} and {{c1::C5a}} serve as {{c2::chemokines}} that recruit innate phagocytic cells to sites of inflammation
Published	01/03/2024	{{c1::Neutrophils}} can expel their nuclear DNA to trap pathogens via a process called {{c2::NETosis}}
Published	01/03/2024	{{c1::TLRs}} are the largest class of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which can bind to extracellular {{c2::PAMPs}} and intracellular {{c3::DNA/…
Published	01/03/2024	The critical inflammatory cytokines are {{c1::IL-6}}, {{c1::IL-1B}}, and {{c1::TNF-a}}
Published	01/03/2024	90cd02bb27db46ffa5a5db28d04049c1-oa-1
Published	01/09/2024	90cd02bb27db46ffa5a5db28d04049c1-oa-2
Published	01/06/2024	90cd02bb27db46ffa5a5db28d04049c1-oa-3
Published	01/03/2024	90cd02bb27db46ffa5a5db28d04049c1-oa-4
Published	01/03/2024	90cd02bb27db46ffa5a5db28d04049c1-oa-5
Published	01/03/2024	Having no Th17 immunity can lead to chronic {{c1::mucocutaneous candidiasis}}
Published	01/03/2024	Having too much Th17 immunity can lead to {{c1::psoriasis/psoriatic arthritis}}
Published	01/03/2024	Class I cytokine receptors produce {{c1::immediate::time}} responses and cause {{c2::rapid}} changes in nuclear gene expression
Published	01/03/2024	Class I cytokine receptors are typically {{c1::hetero}}dimeric
Published	01/03/2024	Class I cytokine receptor signaling occurs through {{c2::Janus kinase (JAK)}} phosphorylation of {{c1::Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcript…
Published	01/03/2024	When antigen cross-links bind to {{c1::IgE}} antibodies on {{c2::mast cells}}, the {{c2::mast cell}} releases {{c3::acidic granules}} containing infla…
Published	01/03/2024	{{c2::Antihistamine}} MOA: Directly inhibit action of histamine by antagonism of {{c1::H1 histamine}} receptor on {{c3::small vessels}} and …
Published	01/03/2024	What is the most potent glucocorticoid?{{c1::Dexamethasone}}
Published	01/03/2024	{{c2::Azathioprine}} is a {{c1::purine}} analogue and acts as an antagonist of {{c1::purine}} synthesis
Published	01/03/2024	{{c1::Cyclosporin}}: calcineurin inhibitor useful for severe {{c2::rheumatoid arthritis}}, {{c3::plaque psoriasis}}, and {{c4::keratoconjunctivitis}}
Published	01/03/2024	{{c2::Tacrolimus}}: calcineurin inhibitor useful for {{c1::atopic dermatitis}}
Published	01/03/2024	Calcineurin inhibitors are useful in preventing {{c1::transplant rejection}}
Published	01/03/2024	JAK/STAT pathway:Receptor {{c1::dimerization}}Activation by {{c2::JAK}} cross phosphorylationGeneration of {{c3::STAT}} binding domainSTAT recruitment…
Published	01/03/2024	{{c3::mTOR}} inhibitors such as Rapamycin/Sirolimus can help prevent {{c2::transplant rejection}} or {{c1::graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)}} with hem…
Published	01/03/2024	f3570644421a4c09980795edb47f9c1c-oa-1
Published	01/03/2024	f3570644421a4c09980795edb47f9c1c-oa-2
Published	01/03/2024	f3570644421a4c09980795edb47f9c1c-oa-3
Published	01/03/2024	f3570644421a4c09980795edb47f9c1c-oa-4
Published	01/03/2024	Interferons are released to help immune cells fight {{c1::viruses}}
Published	01/03/2024	Interferon signaling happens {{c1::quickly::time}}
Published	01/03/2024	Interferons primarily interfere with {{c1::RNA::RNA or DNA}}
Published	01/03/2024	24a4524e9c9545158db78bfed67aa6f8-ao-1
Published	01/03/2024	24a4524e9c9545158db78bfed67aa6f8-ao-2
Published	01/03/2024	24a4524e9c9545158db78bfed67aa6f8-ao-3
Published	01/03/2024	24a4524e9c9545158db78bfed67aa6f8-ao-4
Published	01/03/2024	b3faf06fa0374998bd2f76c6cf98177c-oa-1
Published	01/03/2024	b3faf06fa0374998bd2f76c6cf98177c-oa-2
Published	01/03/2024	b3faf06fa0374998bd2f76c6cf98177c-oa-3
Published	01/03/2024	{{c4::Calcineurin}}, a {{c1::serine}} {{c2::phosphatase}}, dephosphorylates {{c3::NFAT}}, allowing it to enter the nucleus and activate gene transcrip…
Published	01/06/2024	{{c1::TCR excision circles (TREC)}} are created when T cells mature in the {{c2::thymus}}. A low number of {{c1::TREC}} indicates {{c3::SCID}}
Published	01/06/2024	{{c1::Severe combined immunodeficiency}}:Absent or very low {{c2::T cells}} (<300 cells/uL)Poor {{c3::antibody}} productionPrevious severe {{c4::in…
Published	01/06/2024	SCID treatment: {{c1::bone marrow}} transplant and/or {{c2::gene}} therapy
Published	01/06/2024	{{c1::Wiskott Aldrich}} Syndrome:{{c2::X-linked::Inheritance}} disorder{{c3::Eczema}} in early life{{c4::Thrombocyto}}peniaPredisposed to infection
Published	01/06/2024	{{c2::APECED}} is caused by an {{c1::AIRE}} deficiency
Published	01/06/2024	T cell defect management: {{c1::Bone marrow}} transplant most importantPrevent {{c2::opportunistic infection}}{{c3::Immunosuppresion}} in the case of …
Published	01/30/2024	{{c1::Congenital neutropenia}}:Very {{c2::early}} presentation ({{c2::<2}} months)Complications: {{c3::Sepsis}}, {{c3::pneumonia}}, {{c3::peritonit…
Published	01/06/2024	Congenital neutropenia treatments:{{c1::G-CSF}} treatment{{c2::Bone marrow}} transplant
Published	01/06/2024	{{c1::Chronic granulomatous}} disease:Normal or high {{c2::neutrophil}} countsInability to fuse {{c3::granules}} with {{c4::phagosome}}Can lead to ski…
Published	01/06/2024	ELANE, HAX1, GFI1, G6PC3, VPS45, WAS GOF are genes associated with {{c1::congential neutropenia}}
Published	01/06/2024	CYBB, CYBA, NCF1/2/4, CYBC1 are genes indicative of {{c1::chronic granulomatous disease}}
Published	01/06/2024	{{c1::IgA}} deficiency:Most common antibody syndromeSeverity relatively {{c2::low}}Cannot diagnose until {{c3::4}} years oldIndividualized treatment
Published	01/06/2024	{{c1::X-linked agammaglobulinemia}}:Block in {{c2::B cell}} development (lack {{c2::B cells}}){{c3::BTK}} mutationsInfections occur after maternal {{c…
Published	01/06/2024	Management of antibody deficiencies:{{c1::Immunoglobulin}} infusions{{c2::Immunosuppression}} with autoimmunity
Published	01/06/2024	Pathophysiology of {{c1::Omenn's}} Syndrome:T cell clones exhibit {{c2::Th2}} phenotype{{c3::Eosino}}philiaHigh {{c4::IgE}}, low {{c4::IgG}}, {{c4::Ig…
Published	01/06/2024	{{c1::Wiskott Aldrich}} Syndrome:WAS protein mutation results in dysregulation of {{c3::actin}} polymerizationElevated {{c4::IgA}} and {{c4::IgE}} (im…
Published	01/06/2024	The DHR assay is used to test for {{c1::chronic granulomatous disease}}
Published	01/09/2024	2a2764893f3e467391de1d8253dd830f-oa-1
Published	01/06/2024	2a2764893f3e467391de1d8253dd830f-oa-2
Published	01/06/2024	2a2764893f3e467391de1d8253dd830f-oa-3
Published	01/06/2024	2a2764893f3e467391de1d8253dd830f-oa-4
Published	01/06/2024	2a2764893f3e467391de1d8253dd830f-oa-5
Published	01/06/2024	5acd4df1621b4391b3f9ac9657ab510c-oa-1
Published	01/06/2024	5acd4df1621b4391b3f9ac9657ab510c-oa-2
Published	01/06/2024	5acd4df1621b4391b3f9ac9657ab510c-oa-3
Published	01/06/2024	5acd4df1621b4391b3f9ac9657ab510c-oa-4
Published	01/06/2024	5acd4df1621b4391b3f9ac9657ab510c-oa-5
Published	01/06/2024	A loss of {{c1::peripheral}} tolerance can cause {{c2::IPEX}}, which results in a deficiency of {{c3::FOXP3}} and {{c3::Tregs.}} This causes earl…
Published	01/06/2024	{{c2::Chronic granulomatous}} disease management:Anti-{{c3::staph}} and anti-{{c3::fungal}} prophylaxisExogenous {{c4::interferon-gamma}} therapy{{c1:…
Published	01/06/2024	{{c3::Common variable immunodeficiency}}:{{c1::Polygenic::Inheritance}} disorderGradual loss of {{c2::antibody}} productionLeads to recurrent infectio…
Published	01/06/2024	0d75f94b6b6b430aaf4cdc67d59a22b5-ao-1
Published	01/06/2024	0d75f94b6b6b430aaf4cdc67d59a22b5-ao-2
Published	01/06/2024	0d75f94b6b6b430aaf4cdc67d59a22b5-ao-3
Published	01/06/2024	0d75f94b6b6b430aaf4cdc67d59a22b5-ao-4
Published	01/06/2024	0d75f94b6b6b430aaf4cdc67d59a22b5-ao-5
Published	01/06/2024	ab5be3e974c24582bc57f429f721c5b3-ao-1
Published	01/06/2024	ab5be3e974c24582bc57f429f721c5b3-ao-2
Published	01/30/2024	ab5be3e974c24582bc57f429f721c5b3-ao-3
Published	01/06/2024	ab5be3e974c24582bc57f429f721c5b3-ao-4
Published	01/06/2024	ab5be3e974c24582bc57f429f721c5b3-ao-5
Published	01/09/2024	Limb buds have a mesenchymal core made from the {{c1::parietal}} layer of {{c2::lateral}} plate mesoderm covered by a layer of {{c3::ectoderm}} that f…
Published	01/09/2024	The apical ectodermal ridge (AER) induces adjacent mesenchyme to remain as {{c1::undifferentiated cells (undifferentiated zone)}}
Published	01/09/2024	What does each develop into:Stylopod: {{c1::humerus}} and {{c1::femur}}Zeugopod: {{c2::radius/ulna}} and {{c2::tibia/fibula}}Autopod: {{c3::carpals}},…
Published	01/09/2024	The lateral plate mesoderm secretes {{c1::FGF-10}} to initiate limb outgrowth
Published	01/09/2024	{{c1::FGFs}}: maintains undifferentiated zone at {{c2::apical ectodermal ridge (AER)}}
Published	01/09/2024	{{c1::TBX5}}: responsible for {{c2::forelimb}} development
Published	01/09/2024	{{c1::TBX4}}: responsible for {{c2::hindlimb}} development
Published	01/09/2024	{{c1::Retinoic acid}}: causes differentiation of limbs {{c2::proximally}}
Published	01/09/2024	{{c1::SHH}}: produced in {{c2::zone of polarizing activity (ZPA)}} and establishes the {{c3::anterior-posterior}} axis
Published	01/09/2024	{{c1::WNT7}}: produced in the {{c2::dorsal ectoderm}}, establishes the {{c3::dorsoventral}} axis
Published	01/09/2024	{{c1::HOX}}: establishes {{c2::craniocaudal}} axis for limb positioning
Published	01/09/2024	Mero{{c1::melia}}, a{{c1::melia}}, micro{{c1::melia}}: absence/abnormal {{c2::limbs}}
Published	01/09/2024	{{c1::Thalidomide::Medication}} decreases expression of {{c2::retinoic acid}} and can lead to limb defects in infants
Published	01/09/2024	{{c1::Erb-Duchenne}} palsy:Caused by injury to {{c2::brachial plexus}} (C5-T1)Medially rotated and extended forearm, fixed wrist (waiter's tip)Difficu…
Published	01/09/2024	{{c1::Ulnar claw}}:Injury to {{c2::ulnar}} nerve (C8, T1){{c3::4th}} and {{c3::5th}} fingers are flexed at {{c4::IP}} joint, extension at {{c4::MCP}} …
Published	01/09/2024	{{c1::Osteogenesis imperfecta}}: defect in production of {{c2::collagen}}, causing {{c3::shortening/bowing}} of long bones, {{c4::blue}} sclera, and f…
Published	01/09/2024	The development of somites depends on the expression of the {{c1::NOTCH}} gene
Published	01/09/2024	The NOTCH pathway is controlled by expression gradients of {{c1::retinoic acid}}, {{c2::FGF8}}, and {{c3::WNT3a}}
Published	01/09/2024	d09b892a27d84c0680a2234d0ce3e466-ao-1
Published	01/09/2024	d09b892a27d84c0680a2234d0ce3e466-ao-2
Published	01/09/2024	d09b892a27d84c0680a2234d0ce3e466-ao-3
Published	01/09/2024	d09b892a27d84c0680a2234d0ce3e466-ao-4
Published	01/09/2024	d09b892a27d84c0680a2234d0ce3e466-ao-5
Published	01/09/2024	fbc00c84502d42709d62ded84a17155b-ao-1
Published	01/09/2024	fbc00c84502d42709d62ded84a17155b-ao-2
Published	01/09/2024	fbc00c84502d42709d62ded84a17155b-ao-3
Published	01/09/2024	fbc00c84502d42709d62ded84a17155b-ao-4
Published	01/09/2024	fbc00c84502d42709d62ded84a17155b-ao-5
Published	01/09/2024	f80ff07955fb4dc1bf39c854c667f96d-ao-1
Published	01/09/2024	f80ff07955fb4dc1bf39c854c667f96d-ao-2
Published	01/09/2024	The body's thermoregulatory center is located in the {{c1::hypothalamus}}
Published	01/09/2024	Infective endocarditis with an IV drug user is most likely caused by {{c1::Staphylococcus aureus}}
Published	01/09/2024	What valve is likely to be affected in infective endocarditis with IV drug use?{{c1::Tricuspid}} valve
Published	01/09/2024	Which valve is likely to be affected in infective endocarditis without IV drug use?{{c1::Mitral}} valve
Published	01/09/2024	The most likely causative organism for infective endocarditis after a UTI procedure is {{c1::Enterococcus faecalis}}
Published	01/09/2024	What screening/procedure is recommended for bacterial endocarditis secondary to Streptococcus gallolyticus?{{c1::Colonoscopy}}
Published	01/09/2024	2223212b35ad4683b0234eae7db4b9f8-ao-1
Published	01/09/2024	2223212b35ad4683b0234eae7db4b9f8-ao-2
Published	01/09/2024	2223212b35ad4683b0234eae7db4b9f8-ao-3
Status	Last Update	Fields