Notes in Endocrine System

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Published	08/28/2024	Most hormones are secreted in response to other, so-called _____, hormones, which are produced in response to particular metabolic needs. Producti…
Published	08/28/2024	Hormones that act by binding to cell surface receptors:
Published	08/28/2024	Hormones that act by binding to intracellular receptors:
Published	08/28/2024	Endocrine diseases generally are caused by:
Published	08/28/2024	The pituitary gland is a small, bean-shaped structure that lies at the base of the brain within the confines of the _______
Published	08/28/2024	Adenohypofys vs neurohypophys connection to hypothalamus:
Published	08/28/2024	The anterior pituitary, or ___________, produces trophic hormones that stimulate the production of hormones from the ______, _______, and other gl…
Published	08/28/2024	What is the anterior pituitary / adenohypophysis developed from? What is it made up of?
Published	08/28/2024	Rarely, signs and symptoms of pituitary disease may be caused by overproduction or underproduction of ________, rather than a primary pituitary ab…
Published	08/28/2024	Symptoms and signs of pituitary disease fall into the following 3 categories:
Published	08/28/2024	Define Hyperpituitarism: Most common cause?  Symptoms of specific hyperproduction?
Published	08/28/2024	Define hypopituitarism: Common causes?
Published	08/28/2024	Describe the Local Mass Effect: What may be some complications?
Published	08/28/2024	The most common cause of anterior pituitary disorders are pituitary tumors, most of which are ____ _______.
Published	08/28/2024	What is the most common cause of hyperpituitarism? What are other causes?
Published	08/28/2024	What are some salient features of Pituitary Adenomas?
Published	08/28/2024	How are Pituitary Adenomas classified?
Published	08/28/2024	Difference between functional and nonfunctional Pituitary Adenomas?
Published	08/28/2024	What is the most common combination of a pituitary adenoma that produces 2 hormones?
Published	08/28/2024	Size limit for a micro and macroadenoma? Difference in clinical features?
Published	08/28/2024	Name the 3 genetic abnormalities associated with Pituitary Adenomas:
Published	08/28/2024	Describe how G-protein mutations may result in Pituitary Adenoma:
Published	08/28/2024	Which Adenomas are not related to the GNAS mutation? Why?
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Familial pituitary adenomas: Which genes?
Published	08/28/2024	How can molecular abnormalities of the cell cycle checkpoint cause pituitary adenomas?
Published	08/28/2024	Morphology of Pituitary Adenomas: Gross and cellular?
Published	08/28/2024	Define atypical pituitary adenomas:
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Lactotroph Adenomas:
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Somatotroph Adenomas:
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Corticotroph Adenomas:
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Gonadotroph Adenomas:
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Throtroph Adenomas:
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenomas:
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Pituitary Carcinomas:
Published	08/28/2024	When does clinically significant hypopituitarism occur? Causes? Connection with Diabetes insipidus? Clinical Manifestations?
Published	08/28/2024	What is the neurohypophysis made up of? How does it function?
Published	08/28/2024	what are the clinicallt important posterior pituitary syndromes?
Published	08/28/2024	Describe the Syndromes of High and Low ADH: which one does not have to do with the posterior putitary
Published	08/28/2024	Throid anatomy, embryology, function, hormone features, effect on body, clinical?
Published	08/28/2024	Define Thyrotoxicosis?
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Hyperthyroidism: Common causes? non-hyperthyroidism thyrotoxicosis? Clinical manifestations? Diagnosis?
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Hypothyroidism: Common causes? Primary vs secondary? Clinical manifestations (child vs adult)? Diagnosis?
Published	08/28/2024	Define Autoimmune Thyroid Disease: Common types?
Published	08/28/2024	Define Thyroiditis: 3 (4) most common types?
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Chronic Lymphocytic (Hashimoto) Thyroiditis: Age? Gender? Pathogenesis? Morphology? Clinical Features? Complication?
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Subacute Granulomatous (de Quervain) Thyroiditis: Age? Gender? Associations? Pathogenesis? Morphology? Clinical Features? Complication?
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Subacute Lymphocytic Thyroiditis: Age? Gender? Associations? Pathogenesis? Morphology? Clinical Features? Complication?
Published	08/28/2024	What are some less common forms of Thyroiditis? (Not SLT, SGT, Hashimoto (CLT))
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Riedel Thyroiditis:
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Graves Disease: Age? Gender? Associations? Pathogenesis? Morphology? Clinical Features? Complication? Treatment?
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Diffuse and Multinodular Goiter: Pathogenesis? Morphology? Endemic vs Sporatic? Clinical Features? Complications?
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Thyroglossal Duct Cyst:
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Lingual Thyroid:
Published	08/28/2024	Describe thyorid storm: Which disease commonly? What triggers it? Death?
Published	08/28/2024	HLA-DR3 in graves (HLA-DR5 in hashimoto)
Published	08/28/2024	Describe the basics of thyroid neoplasms: common clinical features about nodules?
Published	08/28/2024	Describe (Follicular) Adenomas of the Thyroid: origin? connection to cancer? Pathogenesis? Morphology? Clinical features?
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Carcinomas of the Thyroid: basics (not specific subtypes), subtypes and basic features, pathogenesis, risk factors?
Published	08/28/2024
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Papillary Carcinoma of the Thyroid: Prevelence? Genetic pathogenesis? Morphology? Clinical features?
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Follicular Carcinoma of the Thyroid: Prevelence? Genetic pathogenesis? Morphology? Clinical features?
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Anaplastic Carcinoma of the Thyroid: Prevelence? Genetic pathogenesis? Morphology? Clinical features?
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid: Prevelence? Genetic pathogenesis? Morphology? Clinical features?
Published	08/28/2024	By what method is the thyroid sampled initially?
Published	08/28/2024	Describe the basics of the Parathyroid glands: Embryonally, function, location, effect?
Published	08/28/2024	What are the two major forms of Hyperparathyroidism? Third form?
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Serum markers? Causes? Pathogenesis? Morphology? Clinical Features?
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Secondary Hyperparathyroidism: Serum markers? Causes? Pathogenesis? Morphology? Clinical Features?
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Hypoparathyroidism: Major causes? Clinical Manifestations?
Published	08/28/2024	Basics of the Adrenal gland (2 parts)? Anatomy, function, hormones, histology? Common diseases?
Published	08/28/2024	What are the three distinctive hyperadrenal clinical syndromes?
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Hypercortisolism (Cushing Syndrome): Causes? Pathogenesis? Morhology? Clinical features? Treatment? Summary?
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Hyperaldosteronism: Causes? Types? Pathogenesis? Morhology? Clinical features? Summary? Mimicing diseases?
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Adrenogenital Syndromes: Causes? Pathogenesis? Morhology? Clinical features? Treatment? Summary?
Published	08/28/2024	Define Adrenal Insufficiency: Common causes? Clinical Manifestations? Summary?
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Acute Adrenocortical Insufficiency: Causes? Clinical features?
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Chronic Adrenocortical Insufficiency (Addison Disease): Causes? Clinical features?
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Secondary Adrenocortical Insufficiency: Causes? Clinical features?
Published	08/28/2024	Pigmentation connection to Adrenal gland?
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Adrenocortical Neoplasms:
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Pheochromocytoma: Where? What cell? Rule of 10? Morphology? Clinical Features? Complications? Treatment?
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Published	08/28/2024	What is the Endocrine Pancreas made up of? Function?
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Diabetes Mellitus: Prevelence? Meaning? Common complication leading to death? Diagnosis? Classification? Prediabetic?
Published	08/28/2024	What does it mean to be prediabetic? Diagnosis? Progression?
Published	08/28/2024	What are the two most common classifications for Diabetes Mellitus? Others?
Published	08/28/2024	Describe the normal insulin physiology and glucose homeostasis?
Published	08/28/2024	Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus:
Published	08/28/2024	Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Insulin Resistance? Obesity? Metabolic Syndrome?
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Monogenic Forms of Diabetes:
Published	08/28/2024	Describe other subtypes of Diabetes (not Type 1 or type 2 or monogenic forms):
Published	08/28/2024	Describe the Acute Metabolic Complications of Diabetes: Compare type 1 and type 2?
Published	08/28/2024	Describe the Chronic Complications of Diabetes: Compare type 1 and type 2? Pathogenesis of Chronic Complications? Systemic morphology? Clinical featur…
Published	08/28/2024	Describe the Clinical Features of Chronic Diabetes: Compare type 1 and type 2?
Published	08/28/2024
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors:
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Insulinomas (beta cell tumors):
Published	08/28/2024	Describe Gastrinomas:
Published	08/28/2024	What are Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) Syndromes?
Published	08/28/2024	Descreibe MEN Type 1:
Published	08/28/2024	Describe MEN 2A and 2B
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