Notes in f. Folate Metabolism

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Published	07/28/2024	The 2 stage reduction of Folate to THF is catalyzed by the enzyme {{c1::Dihydrofolate reductase}}
Published	07/28/2024	Which carbons are reduced in the coversion of folate to DHF?
Published	07/28/2024	Which carbons are reduced in the conversion of DHF to THF?
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Mono}}-glutamyl-folate is most readily absorbed from the lumen of the intestine. Poly-glutamyl-folate has glutamates bound to each other at the …
Published	07/28/2024	Folate (vitamin {{c1::B9}}) {{c1::cannot}} be synthesized by humans so it is consumed in the diet. Dietary folate has glutamates removed by {{c1::conj…
Published	07/28/2024	Sulfonamides like sulfanilamide look like PABA and inhibit {{c1::bacterial folate synthesis}} which inhibits bacterias ability to use folates whi…
Published	07/28/2024	Methotrexate inhibits {{c1::human}} Dihydrofolate Reductase (DHFR) which is why it is used as a chemotherapeutic drug that attacks rapidly dividi…
Published	07/28/2024	Aminopterin inhibits {{c1::human}} DHFR but is {{c1::more}} toxic than methotrexate
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Trimethoprim}} inhibits bacterial DHFR
Published	07/28/2024	Pyrimethamine inhibits {{c1::protozoan}} DHFR used to treat {{c1::malaria}} (though used less frequently now because of drug resistance) but stil…
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Glycine}} and {{c2::Serine}} are the primary source of methyls uptaken by THF
Published	07/28/2024	Serine hydroxymethyltransferase synthesizes {{c1::N5,N10-methylene-THF}} and {{c2::glycine}} from serine and THF
Published	07/28/2024	Glycine synthase produces {{c1::N5,N10-methylene-THF}} from THF and glycine
Published	07/28/2024	Capecitabine is a {{c1::5-flourouracil}} {{c2::pro-drug}} that inhibits {{c1::thymidylate synthase}}
Published	07/28/2024	Tegafur is a {{c1::5-flourouracil}} {{c2::prodrug}}
Published	07/28/2024	Gimeracil {{c1::inhibits}} dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, which is responsible for {{c2::degradation}} of 5-flourouracil
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Published	07/28/2024	What 2 cofactors are required for homocysteine methyltransferase? And what reaction does it catalyze in which pathway? (methionine synthase) to proper…
Published	07/28/2024	What is the function of S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM)?
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Published	07/28/2024	High levels of SAM {{c1::inhibit}} {{c2::N5,N10-methylene-THF Reductase}} which catalyzes an {{c1::irreversible}} reduction of N5, N10 methylene …
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Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::dTMP synthesis}} is affected the most in folate deficiencies because the lack of folate will prevent N5, N10 methylene THF from being synthesize…
Published	07/28/2024	The primary form of THF found in the blood is {{c1::N5-methyl-THF}} because once {{c1::N5-methyl-THF}}  is produced it is not readily oxidiz…
Published	07/28/2024	Folic acid deficiency is associated with {{c1::megaloblastic anemia}} and {{c2::glossitis}}, and {{c1::neural tube}} defects in infants. If …
Published	07/28/2024	Folic acid deficiency during pregnancy is associated with {{c1::neural tube defects}} and {{c2::low birth weights}}
Published	07/28/2024	In folic acid deficiency, dTMP concentration is {{c1::decreased}}
Published	07/28/2024	In folic acid deficiency, homocysteine concentrations are {{c1::increased}}
Published	07/28/2024	Loss of either vitamin B12 or N5-methyl-THF from methionine synthase will result in {{c1::megaloblastic anemia}}
Published	07/28/2024	Aside from its use in methionine synthase, what is the other use of vitamin B12, in which a deficiency of vitamin B12 can also be observed pathologica…
Published	07/28/2024	What additional symptom is present in patients with a vitamin B12 deficiency compared to a folic acid deficiency?
Published	07/28/2024	Patients with folic acid deficiency will have elevated levels of {{c1::homocysteine}}
Published	07/28/2024	Patients with vitamin B12 deficiency have {{c1::megaloblastic anemia}} and elevated levels of {{c1::homocysteine}} and {{c2::methylmalonic a…
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Thymidylate synthase}} catalyzes a reaction where N5, N10 methylene THF donate both a {{c1::methyl}} group and {{c1::electrons}} which produces …
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