Notes in L05 Guerrero Solutions and Suspensions

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Published	10/25/2023	Solutions (Slide 3) (skipped the definition)Routes of Solutions (7):{{c1::Oral}}{{c1::Topical}}{{c1::Rectal}}{{c2::Vaginal}}{{c2::Ophthalmic}}{{c2::Ot…
Published	10/25/2023	Solutions Slide 4All ingredients ({{c1::solute}}) in a solution must be completely soluble in the {{c1::dissolving vehicle}} ({{c1::solvent}}) to form…
Published	10/25/2023	Solubility Slide 5{{c1::Quantity of a drug}} that can be maintained in solution in a given solvent under specific conditions Must {{c1::completely dis…
Published	10/25/2023	Solutions Slide 6{{c1::Saturated}} Solutions contain the {{c1::maximum amount}} of solute that the solvent can accommodate at room temperature and pre…
Published	10/25/2023	Slide 7 Oral Solutions“liquid preparations, intended for oral administration, that contain {{c1::one or more substances with or without flavoring…
Published	10/25/2023	Oral Solutions Slide 8 (Properties){{c1::easier to swallow}} than tablet or capsule{{c1::absorbed more quickly in the GI tract}} than tablets, capsule…
Published	10/25/2023	Oral Solutions Slide 9 (more properties){{c1::Homogeneous}}same concentration throughout{{c1::One-phase system}}liquid (for oral solutions)Strengths o…
Published	10/25/2023	Topical Solutions (Slide 10)“liquid preparations, that usually are aqueous but often contain {{c1::other solvents}} such as {{c1::alcohol}} …
Published	10/25/2023	Syrups (Slide 11)Concentrated aqueous preparations of a {{c1::sugar}} or {{c1::sugar substitute}} with or without {{c1::flavoring agents}}&n…
Published	10/25/2023	Syrups Advantages and Disadvantages (Slide 12)Advantages{{c1::stable and resistant to microbial growth}}pleasant tasting{{c1::little or no alcohol}} (…
Published	10/25/2023	Syrups: Medicated vs. Non-Medicated (Slide 13)Medicated{{c1::three}} or more ingredients, {{c1::including}} the therapeutic agentNon-medicated{{c1::ch…
Published	10/25/2023	Elixirs Slide 14{{c1::Clear}}, {{c1::sweetened}}, {{c1::hydro-alcoholic}} solutions that are usually flavored and are suitable for drug…
Published	10/25/2023	Elixirs Slide 15{{c1::Homogeneous}}, one-phaseComprised of {{c1::3 or more components}} (two of which are {{c1::water}} and {{c1::alcohol}})alcohol ca…
Published	10/25/2023	Elxirs Slide 16Administered for Oral useSweetened and flavoredcontains {{c1::3-75}}% alcoholif active ingredient is more soluble in {{c1::water}}, eli…
Published	10/25/2023	Tinctures Slide 17{{c1::Hydro-alcoholic}} solutionRelatively high alcoholic content {{c1::17-83}}%Contain {{c1::vegetable materials}} or {{c1::chemica…
Published	10/25/2023	Alcohol Solutions Slide 18 (RULES)FDA has proposed that manufacturers restrict the amount of alcohol in medicationsFor children under 6, recommended a…
Published	10/25/2023	Aromatic Waters Slide 19{{c1::Clear}}, {{c1::saturated}} aqueous solutions of {{c1::volatile oils}} or {{c1::other aromatic o…
Published	10/25/2023	Additives Slide 19{{c1::Solvents}}{{c1::Buffers}}{{c1::Preservatives}}{{c2::Flavoring}}{{c2::Sweeteners}}{{c2::Colorings}}{{c3::pH and osmolality adju…
Published	10/25/2023	Solvents Slide 21{{c1::Purified water}}{{c1::Alcohol USP}} ({{c1::95% or 190 proof}}){{c1::Diluted alcohol}}{{c2::Glycerin}}{{c2::Propylene glycol}} …
Published	10/25/2023	USP Approximate Solubility Descriptors
Published	10/25/2023	Solvents - Water Slide 23water is the most commonly used solvent for {{c1::preparation of solutions}}
Published	10/25/2023	Solvents - Etyhl Alcohol{{c1::second most}} used solvent for prepping solutionssolvent for {{c1::organic compounds}}mixes with {{c1::water}}, forming …
Published	10/25/2023	Solvents - Glycerin Slide 25{{c1::Clear syrupy liquid}} with a {{c1::sweet}} tasteUsed in oral and topical preparationsUsed as {{c1::levigating agent}…
Published	10/25/2023	Solvents - Propylene Glycol Slide 26miscible with {{c1::water}} and {{c1::alcohol}}similar to glycerin but {{c1::cheaper}}
Published	10/25/2023	Preservatives Slide 27preservation{{c1::prevention}} or {{c1::inhibition}} of microbial growthpreservatives {{c1::minimize}} microbial growthproducts …
Published	10/25/2023	Preservatives Slide 28need to be effective against {{c1::bacteria}}, {{c1::fungi}}, and {{c1::yeasts}}should be {{c1::nontoxic}}, {{c1::stable}}, {{c1…
Published	10/25/2023	Preservatives Slide 29EmulsionsPreservatives should be c{{c1::oncentrated in aqueous phase}} because this is {{c1::where bacteria grow}}{{c1::Parabens…
Published	10/25/2023	Preservatives Slide 30Chlorobutanol{{c1::Antibacterial, antifungal}}Efficacy diminishes above pH {{c1::5.5}}Incompatible with {{c1::plastic vials}}, {…
Published	10/25/2023	Perservatives Slide 30Quaternary Ammonium CompoundsBenzalkonium ChlorideActivity enhanced by {{c1::EDTA}}Incompatible with {{c1::aluminum}}, {{c1::iod…
Published	10/25/2023	Preservatives Slide 31Parabens{{c1::Methylparaben}}, {{c1::Propylparaben}}, otherseffective generally at pH {{c1::4-8}}incompatabilities with some {{c…
Published	10/25/2023	Preservatives Slide 32Thimerosolweak {{c1::bacteriostatic and fungistatic}}sensitive to {{c1::light}}contains {{c1::ethylmercury}}
Published	10/25/2023	Preservatives used in Oral Liquid Solutions Preparations Slide 33
Published	10/25/2023	Vehicles Slide 34Consider {{c1::pH}}, {{c1::flavoring}}, {{c1::color}}, {{c1::preservative}}, {{c2::viscosity}}, {{c2::compatibility}}, {{c2::suspendi…
Published	10/25/2023	Antioxidants Slide 25 need pic
Published	10/25/2023	pH Slide 36Affects drug {{c1::solubility}}, {{c1::activity}}, {{c1::absorption}}, {{c1::stability}}, {{c1::patient comfort}}Adjustments in pH can help…
Published	10/25/2023	USP - Approximate Solubility Descriptors Slide 39
Published	10/25/2023	Other Additives Slide 40{{c1::Chelating Agents}}{{c2::Disodium Edetate}}{{c2::EDTA}} (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) and salts{{c1::Flavorings, Swe…
Published	10/25/2023	Flavoring Techniques Slide 41
Published	10/25/2023	Suspensions Slide 46dispersion of {{c1::insoluble}} drug particles (the disperse {{c1::phase}}) in a liquid, usually water (the dispersion {{c1::mediu…
Published	10/25/2023	Advantages of Suspensions Slide 48better than a solution for {{c1::bad tasting or bad smelling}} medications{{c1::flexible}} dosing{{c1::absorption}} …
Published	10/25/2023	Disadvantages of Suspensions Slide 49need {{c1::accurate}} dosing for pediatrics{{c1::bacterial contamination}} possible{{c1::stability}} not as good …
Published	10/25/2023	Ideal Properties of a Suspension Slide 50{{c1::uniform particle size}}{{c1::constant particle size}} throughout shelf lifeno {{c1::particle-particle i…
Published	10/25/2023	Dispersion Slide 51Large Particles - {{c1::Coarse}} DispersionSmall Particles - {{c1::Fine}} DispersionVery Small Particles = {{c1::Magmas}}
Published	10/25/2023	Particle SizeImportant consideration in {{c1::suspensions}} is the {{c1::size}} of the particles{{c1::Small}} particle size is more desirable than {{c…
Published	10/25/2023	Physical Properties{{c1::diameter of particles}}{{c1::density of the medium}}{{c1::viscocity of the medium}}all explained by {{c1::Stokes}}' equation
Published	10/25/2023	Stoke's Equation Slide 55the {{c1::larger}} the diameter of particles, the {{c1::faster}} they settlethe {{c1::higher}} the density of the particles, …
Published	10/25/2023	Particles Slide 57most important thing to considerdiameter should be between {{c1::1-50}} mcm{{c2::micropulverization}} used to achieve sizes {{c…
Published	10/25/2023	Very Small/fine Particles Slide 58have a {{c1::high tendency}} to form a compact cake at the bottom of the container {{c1::once they settle}}, reducin…
Published	10/25/2023	Prevention of Particle Cake Formation Slide 59promote the formation of {{c1::loose aggregation}} of particles held together by weak particle or partic…
Published	10/25/2023	Zeta Potential Slide 61measurement of stabolity in dispersionsControls the degree of repulsion between adjacent, similarly charged, dispersed particle…
Published	10/25/2023	Zeta Potential Slide 61 P2When Zeta potential falls below a certain threshold:Attractive forces {{c1::overcome}} the repulsive forces of the adjacent …
Published	10/25/2023	Properties of Flocculacted vs Deflocculated Particles in Suspension Slide 62 {{c1::need pic for IO}}
Published	10/25/2023	Methods for Preparing Stable Suspensions Slide 64Use of a {{c1::structured vehicle}} to maintain deflocculated particles in suspension for a long peri…
Published	10/25/2023	Methods for Preparing Stable Suspensions Slide 652. Application of the principles of flocculation to {{c1::produce flocs that}}, although they settle …
Published	10/25/2023	Methods For Preparing Stable Suspensions Slide 663. Combination of the Methods 1 and 2{{c1::Flocculated particles}} are {{c1::suspended}} in a {{c1::s…
Published	10/25/2023	Hydrophilic Colloids (Slide 67){{c1::Acacia}}{{c1::Tragacanth}}{{c1::Celluloses}}
Published	10/25/2023	Acacia Slide 68gummy extract from acacia tree{{c1::5-15}}%May need preservatives{{c1::sodium bicarbonate}} if oral suspension{{c1::benzalkonium chlori…
Published	10/25/2023	Tragacanth Slide 69literally the same thing as acacia but it comes from the {{c1::gum}} tree
Published	10/25/2023	Celluloses Slide 70 (Examples){{c1::hydroxyethylcellulose}}{{c1::sodium carboxymethylcellulose}}{{c1::methylcellulose}}{{c1::hydroxyproprylmethylcellu…
Published	10/25/2023	Hydroxyethylcellulose (very good) Slide 71{{c1::Cellosize-R}} (brand)excellent {{c1::suspending agent}}used in concentration of {{c1::0.5}}% w/vfew {{…
Published	10/25/2023	Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose{{c1::Carbose}} (brand?)not as good as hydroxymethylcellulosecan't use with {{c1::acid}}{{c1::several}} significant incom…
Published	10/25/2023	Methylcellulose Slide 73{{c1::Methocel-R or Cellothyl-R}} (Brand)soluble in {{c1::cold or refrigerated}} water onlyforms clumps at {{c1::room}} temper…
Published	10/25/2023	Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose Slide 74insoluble in water above {{c1::45}}o Fused in concentration {{c1::0.5-1}}%
Published	10/25/2023	Clays Slide 75{{c1::Bentonite}} and {{c1::Veegum}}
Published	10/25/2023	Bentonite Slide 76aka {{c1::Aluminum Silicate}}for {{c1::external use}} only{{c1::does not dissolve}} in water, but absorbs {{c1::12}} times its volum…
Published	10/25/2023	Veegum Slide 77aka {{c1::Magnesium aluminum silicate}}can be used {{c1::internally}}produces a more {{c1::viscous product}} than bentoniteincompatible…
Published	10/25/2023	Patient Information - Suspensionstell them to {{c1::shake vigorously}} or {{c1::mix by rolling method}} {{c1::PRIOR}} to usingtell them how to {{c1::s…
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