Notes in h. Nucleotide Metabolism

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Published	07/28/2024	b5dd6e525e8641aa933b5199b2d1717d-ao-1
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Published	07/28/2024	The first step and regulated step in synthesis of IMP (purine biosynthesis) is the conversion of {{c1::ribose-5-P}} to {{c2::PRPP}} using th…
Published	07/28/2024	8720c08a816f4d198de40f0de1c433d4-ao-1
Published	07/28/2024	What is the first committed step of purine biosynthesis?
Published	07/28/2024	Purine biosynthesis (is/isn't) {{c1::is}} built off a ribose phosphate
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Published	07/28/2024	Adenylsuccinate synthetase is inhibited by {{c1::AMP}}
Published	07/28/2024	IMP dehydrogenase is inhibited by {{c1::GMP}} because it is the end product of the enzyme's synthesis of GMP. (IMP dehydrogenase specifically con…
Published	07/28/2024	Adenylsuccinate synthase utilizes {{c1::GTP}} as a source of energy in its synthesis of adenylosuccinate
Published	07/28/2024	GMP synthase utilizes {{c1::ATP}} for energy in its production of GMP
Published	07/28/2024	The nucleotide base observed in IMP is {{c1::hypoxanthine}}. GTP is needed to make {{c1::AMP}} and vice-versa. GMP and AMP are product {{c1::inhi…
Published	07/28/2024	Nucleotide monophosphates are converted to nucleotide diphosphates by {{c1::nucleoside monophosphate kinase}}. Nucleoside {{c1::disphosphate}} ki…
Published	07/28/2024	Nucleoside monophosphate kinases are/aren't {{c1::are}} specific for each nucleotide
Published	07/28/2024	Nucleoside monophosphate kinases are/aren't {{c1::aren't}} specific for ribonucleotides vs deoxyribonucleotides
Published	07/28/2024	nucleotide diphosphates are converted to nucleotide triphosphates via {{c1::nucleotide diphosphate kinase}}
Published	07/28/2024	Nucleotide diphosphate kinase are/aren't {{c1::aren't}} specific for a base
Published	07/28/2024	Nucleotide diphosphate kinase are/aren't {{c1::aren't}} specific for ribo vs deoxyribo
Published	07/28/2024	Azathioprine is an inhibitor drug of {{c1::purine}} biosynthesis because azathioprine is converted into 6-mercaptopurine which is converted into …
Published	07/28/2024	6-mercaptopurine is an inhibitor drug of {{c1::purine}} biosynthesis
Published	07/28/2024	Azathioprine is metabolized via {{c1::HGPRT}} in the salvage pathway to produce Thio-IMP and Methyl-thio-IMP which inhibits {{c2::PRPP amido…
Published	07/28/2024	6-mercaptopurine is metabolized via {{c1::HGPRT}} in the salvage pathway to produce Thio-IMP and Methyl-thio-IMP which inhibits {{c2::PRPP a…
Published	07/28/2024	9a7936235a014613beb0c1cec641c912-oa-1
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Published	07/28/2024	4c4615afa5a540f5be42bed4c12c3a92-oa-1
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Published	07/28/2024	In the absence of adenosine deaminase, {{c1::deoxyadenosine}} and {{c2::dAMP}} can not be broken down, which then leads to the conversion of…
Published	07/28/2024	Accumulation of {{c1::dATP}} results from {{c2::Adenosine deaminase deficiency}}, which leads to the development of {{c3::Severe combin…
Published	07/28/2024	Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) causes selective death of {{c1::T and B lymphocytes}}
Published	07/28/2024	{{c2::Adenosine deaminase deficiency}} can be treated by the gene therapy {{c1::strimvelis}} which uses a virus with recombinant enzyme to genera…
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Purine nucleoside phosphorylase}} deficiency causes immunodeficiency, but not as severe as SCID, which causes selective {{c2::T-cell}} deat…
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Gout}} is caused by the deposition of urate crystals in joints which is caused by {{c1::hyperuricemia}} (a build up of uric acid) which is {{c1:…
Published	07/28/2024	What are the 2 potential causes of hyperuricemia?
Published	07/28/2024	Allopurinol inhibits {{c1::xanthine oxidase}} and thus reduces blood uric acid levels. Xanthine oxidase catalyzes conversion of {{c1::hypoxanthin…
Published	07/28/2024	Febuxostat is an inhibitor of {{c1::xanthine oxidase}} and reduces blood uric acid levels by decreasing purine degradation
Published	07/28/2024	Probenecid enhances {{c1::uric acid}} excretion via increasing renal clearance
Published	07/28/2024	The {{c1::Salvage}} pathway for purine biosynthesis is a major route of purine biosynthesis in some tissues, especially lymphocytes
Published	07/28/2024	78056ec8e14e4104b8091ab26692fd23-ao-1
Published	07/28/2024	c7f80a80c48f40cea407b3310f3664bc-ao-1
Published	07/28/2024	Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome is an {{c1::x-linked recessive::inheritance pattern}} defect in {{c1::HGPRT}} which results in a buildup of {{c2::PRPP}…
Published	07/28/2024	In Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome, defective {{c1::HGPRT}} causes the buildup of PRPP which stimulates {{c1::purine}} biosynthesis and thus leads to {…
Published	07/28/2024	08e7a443b5634d59b5dccf69e7e86830-ao-1
Published	07/28/2024	08e7a443b5634d59b5dccf69e7e86830-ao-2
Published	07/28/2024	08e7a443b5634d59b5dccf69e7e86830-ao-3
Published	07/28/2024	The first step in pyrimidine biosynthesis is catalyzed by {{c1::carbomyl phosphate synthetase II}}
Published	07/28/2024	Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II is a {{c1::cytosolic}} enzyme that uses {{c1::glutamine}} as a nitrogen donor unlike CPS I which is {{c1::mitochondr…
Published	07/28/2024	Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II is inhibited by {{c1::UDP/UTP}} and activated by {{c1::ATP}} and {{c1::PRPP}}
Published	07/28/2024	Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II is activated by {{c1::ATP}} and {{c2::PRPP}}
Published	07/28/2024	The committed step in pyrimidine biosynthesis is the {{c1::second}} which is the synthesis of {{c1::N-carbamoylaspartate (orotate)}} using the en…
Published	07/28/2024	2bf5f456646347e7a9e0ff5e8aab460a-ao-1
Published	07/28/2024	Orotate is converted to OMP using the enzyme {{c1::orotate phosphoribosyl transferase}} to add orotate to {{c1::PRPP}}. OMP is converted into UMP…
Published	07/28/2024	OMP is converted to UMP via the enzyme {{c1::OMP decarboxylase}}
Published	07/28/2024	UTP is converted to CTP via the enzyme {{c1::CTP synthase}} which only occurs at {{c1::triphosphate}} level
Published	07/28/2024	4c75b2351abb4c0387a442c7b598b014-ao-1
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Ribonucleotide reductase}} converts ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides at the {{c2::di}}-phosphate level. Reducing equivalents are {{c…
Published	07/28/2024	Hydroxyurea is a potent inhibitor of {{c1::ribonucleotide reductase}} thus ribonucleotides cannot be converted to deoxyribonuclotides which inhib…
Published	07/28/2024	Gemcitabine inhibits {{c1::ribonucleotide reductase}}
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Folinic acid}} is a potential rescue drug that can be administered to replenish THF in the case of an emergency
Published	07/28/2024	62fdcd16c33845da96d7d5d1528c6eb8-ao-1
Published	07/28/2024	62fdcd16c33845da96d7d5d1528c6eb8-ao-2
Published	07/28/2024	Pyrimidine salvage pathway uses pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase to generate thymidine which needs {{c1::thymidine kinase}} to add the monophosphat…
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::AZT}} is a {{c3::pyrimidine}} analog that is converted to a triphosphate by cellular kinases and then blocks {{c2::HIV}} replication
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Acyclovir}} is a {{c2::purine}} analog that is phosphorylated by {{c3::Herpes simplex virus}} thymidine kinase. {{c1::Aycolivir-tripho…
Published	07/28/2024	5cc385a5e5864880897e137d9d015c6b-oa-1
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Published	07/28/2024	De Novo Purine biosynthesis occurs in the {{c1::liver}} whereas other tissues use the {{c1::salvage}} pathway. N10-formyl THF is important in biosynth…
Published	07/28/2024	The two enzymes for the purine salvage pathway are {{c1::HGPRTase}} and {{c1::APRT}}
Published	07/28/2024	De Novo pyrimidine biosynthesis obtains three carbons (C 4,5,6) and one nitrogen (N1) from {{c1::aspartate}}, one nitrogen (N3) from {{c1::glutamine&n…
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Pemetrexed}} is a new folate antimetabolite chemotherapeutic agent that inhibits DHFR and thymidylate synthase, and enzyme in purine biosynthesi…
Published	07/28/2024	Nucleotides are also used in {{c1::coenzyme}} synthesis as NAD, FAD, and CoA all have {{c1::AMP}} in their structure
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