Notes in Renal Pathophysiology

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	01/10/2024	Dialysis can do {{c1::~10-15}}% of what a normal kidney does
Published	01/10/2024	Transplant can do {{c1::50-85}}% of what normal kidneys do
Published	01/10/2024	Which is the most expensive renal replacement modality?
Published	01/10/2024	Kidney transplant
Published	01/10/2024	Transplant recipient
Published	01/10/2024	Organ donor
Published	01/10/2024	The majority of kidney transplants are {{c1::deceased donor}} transplants
Published	01/10/2024	General process of kidney transplantation
Published	01/10/2024	What indications allow for kidney transplantation?
Published	01/10/2024	Who is contraindicated for transplants?
Published	01/10/2024	What pre-transplant testing occurs to ensure low immunogenic risk?
Published	01/10/2024	Graft versus host disease
Published	01/10/2024	HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigen) molecules
Published	01/10/2024	{{c1::More}} alike the HLA types are for donor and recipient, less chances of {{c1::organ rejection}}
Published	01/10/2024	How do anti-HLA antibodies produce?
Published	01/10/2024	What is crossmatching prior to transplant?
Published	01/10/2024	Purpose of immunosuppression post-transplant
Published	01/10/2024	Kidney paired donation (KPD)
Published	01/10/2024	{{c1::Nephron}} is the functional unit of the kidney
Published	01/10/2024	Renal cortex = = {{c1::glomeruli}} + {{c1::tubules}} + {{c1::vessels}}
Published	01/10/2024	Renal medulla = = {{c1::tubules}} + {{c1::vessels}}
Published	01/10/2024	Path of blood flow through the kidney
Published	01/10/2024	What is the vasa recta?
Published	01/10/2024	The {{c2::inner surface}} of the tubule is {{c1::apical}}, and the {{c2::outer surface}} is {{c1::basolateral/peritubular}}
Published	01/10/2024	{{c2::Reabsorption}} = transport of water/solutes from {{c1::inside}} to {{c1::outside}} of the tubule
Published	01/10/2024	{{c2::Secretion}} = transport of water/solutes from {{c1::outside}} to {{c1::inside}} of the tubule
Published	01/10/2024	What are some common causes of end-stage renal disease?
Published	01/10/2024	Which electrolyte abnormality is commonly observed in CKD leading to arrythmia and weakness? Why?
Published	01/10/2024	Generally in CRF (chronic renal failure); BUN is {{c1::elevated}}, creatine is {{c1::elevated}}, potassium is {{c1::elevated}}, sodium is {{c1::decrea…
Published	01/10/2024	Why does hyperkalemia often occur in ESRD?
Published	01/10/2024	Why is PTH elevated in ESRD?
Published	01/10/2024	Explain how renal dysfunction -> high PTH.
Published	01/10/2024	Why does anemia occurs with ESRD?
Published	01/10/2024	How does ESRD cause anemia?
Published	01/10/2024	Common signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure.
Published	01/10/2024	What are the indications for dialysis?
Published	01/10/2024	Three different hemodialysis access points
Published	01/10/2024	What is peritoneal dialysis?
Published	01/10/2024	Clinical definition of acute kidney injury
Published	01/10/2024	{{c2::Pre-renal}} = {{c1::before}} the kidneys, {{c2::Parenchymal Renal}} = {{c1::in}} the kidneys, {{c2::Post-Renal}} = {{c1::after}} the kidney
Published	01/10/2024	Azotemia
Published	01/10/2024	What is the most common cause of AKI?
Published	01/10/2024	What can cause a pre-renal state?
Published	01/10/2024	What defines a pre-renal state?
Published	01/10/2024	Explain how NSAIDs and ACE/ARBs alter kidney autoregulation.
Published	01/10/2024	How does a pre-renal state -> tubule/interstitial injury?
Published	01/10/2024	Examples of causes of parenchymal AKI
Published	01/10/2024	Presentation/Cause/Treatment of renal vein thrombosis
Published	01/10/2024	Examples of post-renal AKI
Published	01/10/2024	Polyuria (defintion and causes)
Published	01/10/2024	Oliguria (definition and causes)
Published	01/10/2024	Anuria (definition and causes)
Published	01/10/2024	Lowest Urinary Volume to Remove Osmolar Load (formula)
Published	01/10/2024	Teh relationship b/w creatinine and GFR is non-linear and characterized as {{c1::exponential decay}}
Published	01/10/2024	{{c1::Specific gravity}} is a marker of {{c2::urinary concentration}} and {{c2::ADH activity}}
Published	01/10/2024	Glucosuria in the absence of hyperglycemia indicates {{c1::proximal tubular dysfunction}}
Published	01/10/2024	Sterile pyuria suggests {{c1::interstitial inflammation}}
Published	01/10/2024	{{c2::Crystals}} in urine may suggest {{c1::toxin tubular injury}}
Published	01/10/2024	{{c2::RBCs}} in urine may suggest {{c1::glomerulonephritis}}
Published	01/10/2024	FeNa formula
Published	01/10/2024	What is FeNa?
Published	01/10/2024	For FeNa:Higher than {{c2:: 0.5%}} -> {{c1::pre-renal}}Higher than {{c2::1%}} -> {{c1::post-renal}}Higher than {{c2:: 2%}} -> {{c1::parenchym…
Published	01/10/2024	KUB X-Ray (indications and pros/cons)
Published	01/10/2024	Renal Ultrasound (indications and pros/cons)
Published	01/10/2024	CT/MRI for kidney (indications + pros/cons)
Published	01/10/2024	Renal angiography (indications, pros/cons)
Published	01/10/2024	Radionuclie imaging (pros/cons, indications)
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