Notes in 06-X-Cardiac Anatomy & Physiology

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Published	12/13/2023	In the adenylyl cyclase mechanism of cellular signaling, the second messenger {{c1::cAMP}} activates {{c2::protein kinase A}}.
Published	12/13/2023	In the phospholipase C mechanism of cellular signaling, {{c1::Ca2+}} and {{c1::diacylglycerol (DAG)}} activate {{c2::protein kinase C}}
Published	12/13/2023	During systole, cardiac muscle contraction {{c1::decreases}} the size of intramural arteries
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Hypo}}calcemia decreases cardiac output by decreasing cardiac {{c2::contractility}}
Published	12/13/2023	Isovolumetric ventricular contraction causes an increase in muscular tension and {{c1::ventricular pressure}}
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::70}}% of blood is ejected from ventricle in {{c2::rapid}} ejection{{c1::30}}% of blood is ejected from ventricle in {{c2::slow}} ejection
Published	12/13/2023	Systolic ejection and diastolic filling are associated with changes in {{c1::volume and pressure::pressure or volume}}
Published	12/13/2023	The equation {{c1::SV = EDV - ESV}} may be used to calculate stroke volume
Published	12/13/2023	The heart receives {{c1::4-7}}% of cardiac output
Published	12/13/2023	Which factor, when increased, will have the worst effects on myocardial oxygen consumption?{{c1::Heart rate}}
Published	12/13/2023	At a MAP of {{c1::60}}, the coronary arteries are maximally {{c2::dilated}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The heart sound {{c2::S1}} is due to {{c1::mitral}} and {{c1::tricuspid}} valve closure.
Published	12/13/2023	The SA node has an intrinsic rate of {{c1::60-100}} beats/minute
Published	12/13/2023	The AV node has an intrinsic rate of {{c1::40-60}} beats/minute
Published	12/13/2023	The purkinje fibers have an intrinsic rate of {{c1::20-40}} beats/minute
Published	12/13/2023	Normal coronary artery autoregulation occurs between {{c1::60}}-{{c1::140}} mmHg.
Published	12/13/2023	Due to the high degree of oxygen extraction by the myocardium, increases in myocardial oxygen demand can only be met by an increase in …
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Preload}} is a measure of muscle tension before contraction.
Published	12/13/2023	What three factors affect venous return?Distribution of {{c3::blood volume (via posture, intrathoracic pressure)}}{{c2::Pericardial}} pressure{{c1::Ve…
Published	12/13/2023	An ejection fraction of less than {{c1::40}}% is considered significant LV dysfunction.
Published	12/13/2023	A normal cardiac output is approximately {{c1::5}} L/min.
Published	12/13/2023	A {{c1::increase}} in the amount of oxygenated hemoglobin will increase cardiac oxygen supply.
Published	12/13/2023	The cell membrane prevents the simple diffusion of {{c1::large::size}}, {{c2::water}}-soluble substances.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::Nernst}} potential is the electrical potential across a cellular membrane at which the electrical forces balance the {{c2::concentration}} f…
Published	12/13/2023	The Nernst potential of potassium is {{c1::-94}} mV.
Published	12/13/2023	The Nernst potential of sodium is {{c1::+61}} mV.
Published	12/13/2023	The Nernst potential of calcium is {{c1::+134}} mV.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c2::refractory}} period of an action potential is due to {{c1::hyper}}polarization of the cell when {{c3::K+}} moves towards its Nernst potentia…
Published	12/13/2023	What is Ohm's Law (re: blood flow)?{{c1::Flow = Pressure/Resistance}}
Published	12/13/2023	In patients with {{c2::hypertrophic}} cardiomyopathy, a loss of {{c1::atrial kick}} can precipitate congestive heart failure.
Published	12/13/2023	Elevated levels of nitric oxide, H+, K+, and CO2 are all local coronary vaso{{c1::dilators}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What two factors affect both myocardial oxygen supply and demand?{{c1::Tachycardia}}{{c1::Increased preload}}
Published	12/13/2023	In phase 1 of the ventricular action potential, potassium effluxes via {{c1::Ito}} channels.
Published	12/13/2023	In phase 3 of the ventricular action potential, potassium effluxes via {{c1::IK}} channels.
Published	12/13/2023	At -50 mV in the SA node, {{c1::T-type}} Ca2+ channels open to assist in spontaneous depolarization.
Published	12/13/2023	In the SA node, the sympathetic nervous system (e.g. norepinephrine) increases the heart rate by increasing the {{c1::slope}} of phase 4 of the a…
Published	12/13/2023	In the SA node, the parasympathetic nervous system (e.g. acetylcholine) decreases the heart rate by increasing {{c1::K+}} conductance, which…
Published	12/13/2023	The normal CaO2 is {{c1::20}} mL/O2/dL.
Published	12/13/2023	The normal DO2 is {{c1::1000}} mL/min.
Published	12/13/2023	The normal CvO2 is {{c1::15}} mL/dL.
Published	12/13/2023	The end diastolic volume (preload) is dependent on {{c1::filling pressures}} and {{c2::compliance}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Tissue blood flow is dependent on {{c1::mean arterial pressure}} and {{c2::local}} vascular resistance.
Published	12/13/2023	The stroke volume adjusted for body surface area is the {{c1::stroke volume index}}.
Published	12/13/2023	A normal stroke volume is {{c1::50}}-{{c1::110}} mL/beat.
Published	12/13/2023	A normal stroke volume index is {{c1::30}}-{{c1::65}} mL/beat.
Published	12/13/2023	What equation is used to calculate the pulse pressure?{{c1::Pulse pressure = SBP - DBP}}
Published	12/13/2023	A normal SVRI is {{c1::1500}}-{{c1::2400}} {{c2::dyn s cm-5/m2::units}}
Published	12/13/2023	A normal PVRI is {{c1::250}}-{{c1::400}} {{c2::dyn s cm-5/m2::units}}
Published	12/13/2023	On the descending portion of the Frank-Starling curve, the sarcomere length is {{c1::over}}-stretched.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Hyper}}kalemia decreases cardiac contractility.
Published	12/13/2023	Calcium binds to the storage protein {{c1::calsequestrin}} inside the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Published	12/13/2023	In the cardiac muscles, beta 1 activation -→ increased production of {{c4::protein kinase A}} (from cAMP signaling) cause 1. activates {{c1::L -t…
Published	12/13/2023	What three conditions cause a non-arteriolar (proximal) increase in afterload?{{c1::Aortic stenosis}}{{c2::Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy}}{{c3::Coa…
Published	12/13/2023	On a ventricular pressure-volume loop, {{c1::diastolic}} blood pressure is measured where the aortic valve opens.
Published	12/13/2023	On a ventricular pressure-volume loop, {{c1::systolic}} blood pressure is measured at the peak of the ejection curve.
Published	12/13/2023	The coronary arteries arise at the {{c1::sinuses of Valsalva}} at the aortic root.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::great}} cardiac vein runs alongside the LAD.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::middle}} cardiac vein runs alongside the PDA.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::anterior}} cardiac vein runs alongside the RCA.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Hypo}}carbia is a coronary vasoconstrictor.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::myogenic}} response of coronary autoregulation refers to a vessels tendency to {{c2::contract}} when the diameter is increased.
Published	12/13/2023	Prinzmetal angina occurs due to stimulation of {{c1::α}}-receptors in the coronary arteries.
Published	12/13/2023	Stimulation of the histamine-{{c2::1}} receptor causes coronary vaso{{c1::constriction}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Stimulation of the histamine-{{c2::2}} receptor causes coronary vaso{{c1::dilation}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Stimulation of the muscarinic receptor causes coronary vaso{{c1::dilation}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::epicardial}} coronary vessels are not compressed during systole.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::right}} ventricle is well-perfused throughout the whole cardiac cycle.
Published	12/13/2023	The heart consumes oxygen at a rate of {{c1::10}} mL/min/100g.
Published	12/13/2023	Increases in afterload will {{c1::increase}} the myocardial oxygen demand.
Published	12/13/2023	Increases in contractility will {{c1::increase}} the myocardial oxygen demand.
Published	12/13/2023	Increases in systemic vascular resistance will {{c1::increase}} the myocardial oxygen demand.
Published	12/13/2023	In the {{c1::cardiac myocyte}}, increases in cAMP and PKA will {{c2::increase}} intracellular Ca2+
Published	12/13/2023	In the vascular smooth muscle, increases in cAMP and PKA will {{c2::decrease}} intracellular Ca2+
Published	12/13/2023	Angiotensin II receptor → linked to {{c1::Gq}} proteins → activate {{c1::phospholipase C}}
Published	12/13/2023	When calculating SVR/PVR, the conversion factor (80) is used to convert the unit of measurement from {{c1::Wood Unit (mmHg/L/min)}} to {{c1::Metric (d…
Published	12/13/2023	what is Poiseuille's Law (Equaition)?{{c1::See extra}}
Published	12/13/2023	58c9a20b73c3455882748798e820e119-ao-1
Published	12/13/2023	58c9a20b73c3455882748798e820e119-ao-2
Published	12/13/2023	58c9a20b73c3455882748798e820e119-ao-3
Published	12/13/2023	58c9a20b73c3455882748798e820e119-ao-4
Published	12/13/2023	In the vessel, blood flow can be characterized as {{c1::laminar}}, {{c1::turbulent}}, or {{c1::transitional }}
Published	12/13/2023	reynolds number (Re) {{c1::< 2000}} predict {{c2::laminar}} flow
Published	12/13/2023	Reynold's number (Re) {{c1::> 4000}} predicts {{c2::turbulent flow }}
Published	12/13/2023	In large arteries with {{c1::branching points}} or {{c1::atherosclerotic}} arteries, blood flow is turbulent
Published	12/13/2023	Reynolds number (Re) {{c2::increase}} with{{c1::increased}} blood velocity{{c1::decrease}} in blood viscocity
Published	12/13/2023	Low blood viscosity (as in anemia) is more likely to cause {{c1::turbulent::turbulent or laminar}} blood flow and {{c1::high::high or low}} reynolds n…
Published	12/13/2023	When blood flow across a stenotic heart valve, the flow goes from being {{c1::laminar}} to {{c1::turbulent }}
Published	12/13/2023	On the pressure volume loop, increased contractility is represented by{{c1::increase height, width and shifted to the left}}
Published	12/13/2023	On the pressure volume loop, decreased contractility is represented by{{c1::narrower, shorter, shifted to the right}}
Published	12/13/2023	The SA node is perfused by the {{c1::RCA}} in about 60-70% of population
Published	12/13/2023	The AV node is perfused by {{c1::RCA}} is about 80-90% of population
Published	12/13/2023	The bundle of his is perfused by the {{c1::LCA}} in about 75% of pts
Published	12/13/2023	The left and right bundle branches are perfused by the {{c1::LCA}}
Published	12/13/2023	The 3 main coronary veins and their lcoation{{c1::Great}} cardiac vein - along {{c2::LAD::which coronary  artery}}{{c1::Middle}} cardiac vein - a…
Published	12/13/2023	At rest, myocardial Oxygen consumption is {{c1::8}} - {{c1::10}} ml/min/100g
Published	12/13/2023	At rest, coronary blood flow is about {{c1::225}} - {{c1::250}} ml/min or {{c1::4- 7}} % of CO
Published	12/13/2023	In normal people, coronary vasculature autoregulate between MAP of {{c1::60}} - {{c1::140 }}
Published	12/13/2023	Vasoactive receptors that are coupled to {{c1::Gq}} protein include{{c2::alpha 1 adrenergic}}{{c2::Angiotensin 2}}{{c3::endothelin - 1}}{{c3::vasopres…
Published	12/13/2023	Activation of G{{c2::q}} - protein receptors causes vaso{{c1::constriction}} via the {{c1::Phospholipase C}} pathway
Published	12/13/2023	In the vascular smooth muscle, activation of {{c1::phospholipase C}} lead to increase level of {{c2::IP3 (inositol triphosphate)}} and {{c2::DAG (diac…
Published	12/13/2023	A non-G protein mediated pathway in regulating vascular smooth muscle tone is the {{c1::nitric oxide (NO) - cGMP pathway}}
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::M3}} subtype is the predominant muscarinic receptor located on systemic vascular smooth muscles
Published	12/13/2023	Substances that mediate vasodilation via the {{c4::Nitic oxide (NO) cGMP}} pathway include{{c1::Ach}}{{c2::Substance P}}{{c2::bradykinin}}{{c3::seroto…
Published	12/13/2023	Nitric oxide mediate vasodilation viaActivation of {{c1::guanylate cyclase}} -→ which convert {{c2::GTP (guanosine triphosphate)}} to {{c2::cGMP (cycl…
Published	12/13/2023	In the cardiac muscle, what is the exact mechanism of increased Ca level via beta 1 activation leading to increased contractility?{{c1::Ca bind to tro…
Published	12/13/2023	In vascular smooth muscles, activation of Gs protein receptors causes vaso{{c1::dilation }}
Published	12/13/2023	In vascular smooth msucles, Gs protein receptor mediated vasodilation is achieved by1 - {{c1::increase protein kinase A - decrease intracelular Ca}}2 …
Published	12/13/2023	In smooth muscles, beta 2 stimulation increase cAMP and cause msucle relaxation (dilation) In cardiac muscles, beta 1 stimulation increase cAMP and ca…
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