Notes in NAS I and II (Membrane physiology)

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Published	11/11/2024	The {{c2::plasma membrane}} is composed of a {{c3::bilayer}} of {{c1::phospholipid}} molecules with {{c3::phosphate heads}} facing {{c1::outward}} and…
Published	11/11/2024	The {{c1::phosphate heads}} of phospholipid molecules are {{c2::hydrophilic}}, while the {{c1::fatty acid}} tails are {{c2::hydrophobic}}.
Published	11/11/2024	The {{c1::plasma membrane}} is {{c2::impermeable}} to {{c3::polar}} molecules.
Published	11/11/2024	{{c1:: Ion channel proteins}} allow the {{c2::passive movement}} of ions across the {{c3::membrane}} without using energy.
Published	11/11/2024	Ion channels can be {{c1::voltage-gated}}, {{c1::ligand-gated}}, {{c1::mechanically-gated}} or {{c1::leak channels}}.
Published	11/11/2024	{{c1::Leak}} channels are always open and allow a constant flow of ions.
Published	11/11/2024	Ion pumps, like the {{c1::sodium-potassium pump}} (Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase), use {{c2::ATP}} to {{c2::transport ions}} against their {{c2::concentration gradien…
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Published	11/11/2024	The {{c3::sodium-potassium pump}} moves {{c1::3}} {{c2::Na⁺ ions}} out of the cell and {{c1::2}} {{c2::K⁺ ions}} into the cell.
Published	11/11/2024	{{c1::Cholesterol}} in the membrane contribute to {{c2::fluidity}} and {{c2::stability}} by preventing the {{c3::fatty acid tails}} from {{c3::packing…
Published	11/11/2024	{{c1::Glycoproteins}} and {{c1::glycolipids}} in the membrane play roles in {{c2::cell recognition}} and {{c2::signaling}}.
Published	11/11/2024	The plasma membrane separates the {{c1::intracellular environment}} from the {{c1::extracellular}} environment, maintaining {{c2::different conditions…
Published	11/11/2024	The membrane regulates {{c1::transport}} through proteins such as {{c2::carrier proteins}} and {{c2::transporters}}, which help move essential m…
Published	11/11/2024	{{c3::Receptor proteins}} in the membrane allow the cell to {{c4::detect}} and {{c4::respond}} to {{c1::external signals}} (such as {{c…
Published	11/11/2024	The plasma membrane helps establish and maintain an {{c1::electrochemical gradient}}, which is crucial for {{c2::nerve signal transmission}} and {{c2:…
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Published	11/11/2024	The {{c1::equilibrium potential}} is the {{c2::membrane potential}} where there is {{c2::no net movement of a particular ion into or out of a cell}}.
Published	11/11/2024	Each ion has its own {{c1::equilibrium potential}}, which depends on the {{c2::charge of the ion}} and its {{c3::concentrations inside}} and {{c3…
Published	11/11/2024	The {{c2::equilibrium potential}} of an {{c2::ion}} can be calculated using the {{c1::Nernst}} equation.
Published	11/11/2024	At the start of an action potential, the {{c2::inside}} of the cell is more {{c1::negative}} than the {{c2::outside}}.
Published	11/11/2024	Initially, {{c1::more}} {{c2::K⁺}} ions are {{c3::inside}} the cell, so the chemical force pushes the ions {{c3::outward}} through K⁺ {{c2::leak chann…
Published	11/11/2024	As K⁺ ions move {{c1::outward}}, a {{c1::weak electrical force}} begins to pull some K⁺ ions {{c2::back into the}} cell because the {{c2::inside}…
Published	11/11/2024	When K⁺ ions leave the cell, the inside becomes more {{c1::negative}}, which {{c2::increases}} the {{c1::electrical force}} pulling K⁺ back into …
Published	11/11/2024	The chemical force pushing K⁺ out is  {{c1::relatively constant}}, but the electrical force pulling K⁺ back into the cell {{c2::increases}} as th…
Published	11/11/2024	{{c3::Equilibrium potential}} for K⁺ (Eₖ⁺) is reached when the {{c1::chemical}} force equals the {{c2::electrical}} force.
Published	11/11/2024	The equilibrium potential for {{c2::K⁺}} is typically around {{c1::-90 mV}}.
Published	11/11/2024	The resting membrane potential of a cell is typically around {{c1::-70 mV}} and is influenced heavily by the {{c1::equilibrium potential of K⁺}}.
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Published	11/11/2024	The Na/K pump does not create the {{c1::resting membrane potential}}, it only helps {{c1::maintain}} it.
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Published	11/11/2024	In nerve cells, there is more {{c1::Na+}}, {{c1::Ca2+}} and {{c1::Cl-}} ions outside than inside the cell.
Published	11/11/2024	In cells, there is more {{c1::K+}} ions inside than outside the cell.
Published	11/11/2024	In cells, the constant for the nernst equation is {{c1::62mv}}.
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