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MRI Sequences

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	04/01/2024	What does this image show?  {{c1::Demyelinating lesions in the location of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)}}
Published	04/01/2024	The triple contrast technique refers to a specific MRI protocol that utilizes three types of contrast to evaluate the brain and identify lesions. It i…
Published	04/01/2024	two pathologies with bright DWI and dark ADC? {{c1::acute ischemia, abscess}}
Published	04/01/2024	Disk protrusion terminology:Broad-based disk bulge: {{c1::Usually bulging annulus fibrosus. }}Protrusion: {{c1::Focal disk bulge. Usual…
Published	04/01/2024	Most common intramedullary lesion at MRI: {{c1::Multiple sclerosis}}
Published	04/01/2024	Describe common MRI findings when lupus involves the spinal cord:Areas of high {{c1::T2}} signal with cord swelling.May involve {{c1::4 or 5}} vertebr…
Published	04/01/2024	Explain Atlantoaxial instability and rheumatoid arthritis?Etiology: {{c1::Rheumatoid arthritis causes erosion of transverse ligament and odontoid, lea…
Published	04/01/2024	What condition is this spinal MRI consistent with? {{c1::TB of the spine, or Pott disease}}
Published	04/01/2024	Most common neoplasm of the spine: {{c1::metastases}}
Published	04/01/2024	Two most common primary intramedullary tumors? {{c1::Astrocytoma. Ependymoma.}}
Published	04/01/2024	Spinal cord astrocytoma and ependymoma shared features:Expansile. Describe signal charachteristics/enhancement properties shared: {{c1::Low T1 and hig…
Published	04/01/2024	Most common spinal cord Astrocytoma location: {{c1::Most (75%) occur in cervical and upper to midthoracic cord. }}
Published	04/01/2024	Hemangioblastoma features:Occur in {{c1::spinal cord and posterior fossa::2 places most commonly}}. High association with {{c2::Von Hippel-Lindau…
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Syrinx}}: Shorter term for syringohydromyelia.
Published	04/01/2024	Meningioma - most common intradural tumor where (where in spinal cord)? {{c1::thoracic region}}
Published	04/01/2024	Common intrathecal drop metastases (4)?{{c1::MEt PiG::mnemonic}}{{c2::Medulloblastoma (posterior fossa)EpendymomasPineal region neoplasmsGBM, Germinom…
Published	04/01/2024	Most common spine extradural neoplasms (3)?{{c1::Breast, lung, prostate carcinoma}}
Published	04/01/2024	Myelofibrosis MR appearance? {{c1::Very low T1 and T2 marrow signal}}
Published	04/01/2024	Spinal AVM features - Intramedullary or extramedullary:Intramedullary AVMs {{c1::have a nidus of abnormal vessels that may cause hemorrhage …
Published	04/01/2024	What does this image show? {{c1:: Spinal Epidural Hematoma}}
Published	04/01/2024	Esthesioneuroblastoma:Arises from {{c1::olfactory N./mucosa}}Occurs anywhere from {{c2::cribiform plate}} to {{c2::turbinates}}Often {{c3::quite destr…
Published	04/01/2024	Common optic nerve sheath complex tumors:{{c1::Optic nerve glioma.Optic sheath meningioma.::2 tumors}}
Published	04/01/2024	What condition is this image showing? {{c1::Optic nerve glioma}}
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Optic sheath meningiomas}}: Grow in a linear fashion along optic nerve. Tram track pattern of linear enhancement. May invade through dura. May b…
Published	04/01/2024	Orbital vascular lesions and age groups:{{c2::Capillary hemangiomas::lesion}}, infants (younger than 1 year). Diagnosed within first weeks of life.{{c…
Published	04/01/2024	Superior ophthalmic vein pathology:Thrombosis often occurs with {{c1::cavernous sinus thrombosis::condition}}. Loss of normal flow void. Enlargem…
Published	04/01/2024	Intracranial air, pneumocephalus, may be seen with what fractures
Published	04/01/2024	Epidural hematoma (describe):Arterial or venous in origin? {{c1::Arterial}}Often result from: skull fracture disrupting {{c1::middle meningeal}} …
Published	04/01/2024	Intraventricular hemorrhage: May result from tearing of {{c1::subependymal}} veins, direct extension of parenchymal hematoma, retrograde flow of subar…
Published	04/01/2024	What is T2 shinethrough? {{c1::DWI signal, T2 signal, No ADC correlate.::describe DWI, T2 signal, and ADC}}
Published	04/01/2024	Traumatic subcortical gray matter injury: Traumatic subcortical gray matter injury indicates {{c1::moderate-severe diffuse axonal injury}} and is asso…
Published	04/01/2024	Distinguishing epidermoids from arachnoid cysts on MR imaging?On MRI, both epidermoid cysts and arachnoid cysts typically appear as well-defined extra…
Published	04/01/2024	Rare cystic lesion classically located at the anterior roof of the third ventricle at the foramen of Monro: {{c1::Collid cyst::name of lesion}}
Published	04/01/2024	Nonaccidental trauma head findings:{{c1::Subdural hematomas}} - These are the most common intracranial injury, often with interhemispheric collections…
Published	04/01/2024	Moya moya disease:Nonatherosclerotic, noninflammatory vasculopathyPathology: intimal hyperplasia, smooth muscle proliferation, disruption of internal …
Published	04/01/2024	Differential diagnosis of supratentorial partially cystic, partially solid mass in a child:{{c1::"PHP will give Peds Cysti"PNETHemorrhagePilocystic as…
Published	04/01/2024	CT scans done within 6 hours of MCA occlusion will commonly exhibit:{{c1::Insular ribbon}} sign: Subtle blurring of gray-white layers of insula. Cause…
Published	04/01/2024	Hemorrhagic transformation of an ischemic stroke or cerebral infarct typically occurs within the first {{c1::1-3}} days after the infarct. The highest…
Published	04/01/2024	Maximal brain swelling post brain infarction occurs at what days: {{c1::2-5 days after the stroke}}
Published	04/01/2024	ACA (anterior cerebral artery) three subgroups:Medial lenticulostriate branches: {{c1::Rostral portions of basal ganglia}}.Pericallosal branches: {{c1…
Published	04/01/2024	Major branches of PCA (posterior cerebral artery):1. {{c1::Midbrain and thalamic::2 structures}} perforating branches.2. Posterior choroidal arteries.…
Published	04/01/2024	Order of cerebellar branches going from top to bottom can be remembered using the acronym:{{c1::SAP:Superior cerebellar artery.Anterior inferior cereb…
Published	04/01/2024	SCA territory supplies what?{{c1::1. Superior vermis2. Middle and superior cerebellar peduncles.3. Superolateral aspects of cerebellar hemispheres.}}
Published	04/01/2024	Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Arteries (AICA) arise from: {{c1::Proximal basilar}} artery.
Published	04/01/2024	Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Arteries (PICA) arise from: {{c1::Distal vertebral}} artery, 1 to 2 cm below basilar origin.
Published	04/01/2024	Involvement of the medulla in PICA infarction adds elements of Wallenberg syndrome, which include:{{c1::Ataxia.Facial numbness.Horner syndrome.Dysphag…
Published	04/01/2024	Beginning at the genu and working back, the internal capsule carries somatotopically organized fibers: {{c1::HAL: Head fibers. Arm fibers. Leg fibers.…
Published	04/01/2024	Small-Vessel Ischemic Changes: Small foci of T2 hyperintensity scattered throughout brains of older patients. May or may not have clinical symptoms. C…
Published	04/01/2024	Venous sinus thrombosis predisposing factors include:Hypercoagulable states.{{c1::Pregnancy::female specific}}Infection (spread from contiguous scalp,…
Published	04/01/2024	What classic imaging sign does this image demonstrate? {{c1::Empty delta sign}}
Published	04/01/2024	Superficial hemosiderosis (or superficial siderosis): Diffuse hemosiderin deposition on brain surface. Due to {{c1::large or recurrent subarachnoid he…
Published	04/01/2024	Most sensitive areas for detecting SAH: {{c1::Dependent parts of occipital horns and interpeduncular fossa.::2 different sites}}
Published	04/01/2024	Main findings in patients whose condition continues to deteriorate after the initial SAH:Infarcts from post SAHincreased {{c1::intracranial pressure}}…
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Congenital berry aneursym}}: May be due to congenital absence of arterial media. Those larger than 3 to 5 mm are at increased risk for…
Published	04/01/2024	Distal branch cerebral aneurysms are seen with what?{{c1::Prior trauma.Systemic infection (bacterial endocarditis with mycotic aneurysm).::2 things}}
Published	04/01/2024	Besides berry aneursyms, list other causes of cerebral aneurysms:Atherosclerosis{{c1::Fibromuscular}} disease{{c1::Polycystic kidney}} disease.Mycotic…
Published	04/01/2024	Main differential considerations for cerebral parenchymal hemorrhage:{{c1::Hypertensive hemorrhage::most common}}Vascular malformationsDrug effects{{c…
Published	04/01/2024	Common locations for intracranial hypertensive hemorrhages (5)?{{c1::Putamen (35% to 50%).Subcortical white matter (30%).Cerebellum (15%).Thalamus (10…
Published	04/01/2024	Intracranial hemorrhage cause in young patients, less common than hypertension: {{c1::Vascular malformations}}
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Arteriovenous malformations}}: Most common type of brain vascular malformation. Abnormal tangle of arteries directly connected to veins without …
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Cavernous malformations}}: Thin-walled sinusoidal vessels (neither arteries nor veins). May present with seizures or small parenchymal hemorrhag…
Published	04/01/2024	Venous malformations: Anomalous veins that drain normal brain. Occur in 1% to 2% of patients. {{c1::Enlarged enhancing stellate}} venous complex that …
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Amyloid angiopathy cerebral hemorrhage}}: Can cause intracranial, frequently lobar, hemorrhage.
Published	04/01/2024	Features of Benign Versus Malignant Intracranial Hemorrhage:Benign: {{c3::Complete::complete or incomplete}} hemosiderin rim. Mild edema. Minimal acut…
Published	04/01/2024	Glial cell intracranial neoplasms (gliomas):{{c1::AstrocytomaChoroid plexus tumorEpendymomaOligodendroglioma::name four}}
Published	04/01/2024	Nerve sheath intracranial neoplasms:{{c1::1. Schwannoma2. Neurofibroma::2 neoplasms}}
Published	04/01/2024	Significant general midline shift, if shift is > {{c1::3 mm::how many mm}}
Published	04/01/2024	Hallmarks of uncal herniation?Effacement of {{c2::ambient}} cistern. Contralateral hydrocephalus. May compromise ipsilateral {{c1::oculomotor (III)}} …
Published	04/01/2024	Differentiating a small neoplasm from a small infarct may be very difficult. When can followup imaging be obtained to help distinguish between the two…
Published	04/01/2024	Extra-axial mass refers to {{c1::everything outside the brain: Arachnoid. Meninges. Dural sinuses. Skull. Ventricles.}}
Published	04/01/2024	What is white matter buckling? {{c1::Extra-axial lesions may buckle white matter. Inward compression of white matter (thinning of fronds). Preserved g…
Published	04/01/2024	Tumors of high cellular density:Usually {{c1::small cell}} tumors (high nucleus:cytoplasm ratio, hyperdense and T2 hypointense):Lymphoma.Pineoblastoma…
Published	04/01/2024	Areas of the brain have no blood-brain barrier and will normally enhance (5)?{{c1::not so PPACTPineal glandsPituatary glandArea postremaChoroid plexus…
Published	04/01/2024	Tumor enhancement generally means: {{c1::Aggressive, high-grade}} neoplasms tend to have fenestrated capillaries (blood-brain barrier breakdown) allow…
Published	04/01/2024	Postop granulation tumor versus residual tumor?Granulation tissue generally forms 72 hours after surgery. Early (less than 72 hours) postop enhancemen…
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Diffuse white matter radiation injury}}: Unenhancing geographic white matter T2 hyperintensity conforming to radiation ports. Develops 6 months …
Published	04/01/2024	Astrocytoma grades and types:Grade I ({{c1::pilocytic astrocytoma, subependymal giant cell astrocytoma::name 2 common grade I tumors}}).Grade II (lack…
Published	04/01/2024	Female predominant brain tumors (4):{{c1::Female PP MeN:PineocytomaPituitary tumorMeningioma (4:1)Neurofibroma}}
Published	04/01/2024	Male predominant brain tumors:{{c1::Pineal germinoma}} (10:1).Pineal parenchymal tumor (4-7:1).Medulloblastoma (3:1).Glioblastoma multiforme (3:2).Cho…
Published	04/01/2024	Two neoplasms that may exhibit bihemispheric spread through the corpus callosum:{{c1::Glioblastoma multiforme.CNS lymphoma.}}
Published	04/01/2024	Intra-axial Lesions With Marked Surrounding Edema (5):{{c1::"GRAHM"GBMRadiation necrosisAbscessHematomaMets}}
Published	04/01/2024	Hemorrhagic Brain Tumors:Primary:{{c1::Glioblastoma multiforme (most common overall).Oligodendroglioma.}}Metastasis: {{c1::RCC. Thyroid carcinoma. Cho…
Published	04/01/2024	Cerebral Ring-Enhancing Lesions (8):{{c1::"MAGIC DRR"Metastasis.Abscess.Glioblastoma multiforme.Infarct.Contusion.Demyelinating disease.Resolving hema…
Published	04/01/2024	This MR sequence may help distinguish acute infarct from low-grade neoplasm: {{c1::DWI. Infarct exhibitis restricted diffusion.}}
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Gliomatosis cerebri::type of tumor}}: Rare neoplastic infiltration of at least three lobes of the brain. Poor prognosis. Diffuse invol…
Published	04/01/2024	In an adult with a heterogeneous calcified mass within the periphery of a frontal lobe with calvarial erosion and relative absence of edema should sug…
Published	04/01/2024	Oligodendroglioma features:Grade {{c1::II::I-IV}} tumor. Commonly located in the {{c2::frontal}} lobes. Often extends to cortex and may…
Published	04/01/2024	Calcified Glial Tumors in Order of Frequency (4):{{c1::Astrocytoma.Glioblastoma multiformeEpendymoma.OligodendrogliomaCALcifications}}
Published	04/01/2024	Ganglioglioma and Gangliocytoma are both types of {{c1::neuroepithelial tumors}} characterized by {{c2::neuronal and glial cell }} components
Published	04/01/2024	Desmoplastic Infantile Ganglioglioma: Rare variant of ganglioglioma seen in the {{c1::first}} year of life. Very large {{c1::heterogeneous::heterogeno…
Published	04/01/2024	Most common tumor associated with medically refractory partial complex seizures: {{c1::Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor::tumor name}}
Published	04/01/2024	Congenital Brain Tumors in Infants <60 Days Old:{{c1::PACT G2AM2EPrimitive neuroectodermal tumorsAstrocytomaChoroid plexus papillomaTeratoma (mc): …
Published	04/01/2024	Most (80% to 85%) metastatic lesions occur supratentorially, with the exception of {{c1::renal cell carcinoma}}, which has a predilection for the post…
Published	04/01/2024	Most Common Intra-axial Metastases to the CNS: {{c1::Lung. Breast. Melanoma. Colon cancer.::name four}}
Published	04/01/2024	Most Common Extra-axial Metastases to the CNS: {{c1::Breast. Prostate. Lung. Neuroblastoma.::name four}}
Published	04/01/2024	Most Common Hemorrhagic Metastases to the CNS?{{c1::"Chort ThRM GOD"Choriocarcinoma.Thyroid.Renal. Melanoma. GlioblastomaOligoDend…
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis}}: Malignant invasion of leptomeninges. May mimic meningitis. Commonly involves basal cisterns. May present with c…
Published	04/01/2024	Most common primary cerebellar neoplasm in adult population: {{c1::Hemangioblastoma.}}
Published	04/01/2024	Most reliable way to differentiate a medulloblastoma from an astrocytoma on cross-sectional imaging studies is {{c1::noncontrast CT scan}}.
Published	04/01/2024	Majority (85%) arise from cerebellar vermis in children: {{c1::Medulloblastoma::mass}}
Published	04/01/2024	What does this image show? {{c1::Brainstem glioma}}
Published	04/01/2024	Most common brain tumor seen in neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1): {{c1::Pilocytic astrocytoma}}
Published	04/01/2024	Cystic cerebellar mass with an enhancing mural nodule suggests two possible diagnoses, and the best discriminator between the two is {{c1::age}}.&nbsp…
Published	04/01/2024	Capillary hemangioblastomas: Benign neoplasms of {{c2::endothelial}} origin. Most common primary cerebellar neoplasm in adults. 4% to 2…
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Meningioma}}: Most common extra-axial neoplasm of adults.
Published	04/01/2024	Cerebral Intraventricular Masses
Published	04/01/2024	Most Common Lateral Ventricle Masses in 0-10 year olds and involving the ventricle body (3):{{c1::PNET (Primitive neuroectodermal tumor).Choroid plexu…
Published	04/01/2024	Most Common Lateral Ventricle Masses in patients 0-40 years old and involving the ventricle trigone: {{c1::Choroid plexus papilloma.}}
Published	04/01/2024	Most Common Lateral Ventricle Masses, by Location and Age (10 - 40 yo and involving the ventricle body):{{c1::Ependymoma.Pilocytic astrocytoma.Central…
Published	04/01/2024	Most Common Lateral Ventricle Mass by location (ventricle body) and age (>40 y/o): {{c1::Subependymoma}}
Published	04/01/2024	Most Common Lateral Ventricle Masses, by Location (ventricle trigone) and Age (>40 y/o): {{c1::MeningiomaMetastasis::2 masses}}
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Choroid Plexus Papilloma}}: Most commonly occurs in lateral ventricle, especially in children. Increased intracranial pressure and hyd…
Published	04/01/2024	Central neurocytomaArises from{{c1:: septum pellucidum or ventricular wall::2 sites}}.50% occur in lateral ventricle near {{…
Published	04/01/2024	What does this image show? {{c1::Subependymoma}}
Published	04/01/2024	Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma:Seen in 10% of patients with {{c1::tuberous sclerosis::condition}} (look for subependymal and cortical hamart…
Published	04/01/2024	Most common neoplasm of pineal region: {{c1::Germ cell tumors}}
Published	04/01/2024	Calcified pineal mass in a female is more likely to be {{c1::Pineocytoma}}. In a male more likely to be a {{c1::germinoma}}.
Published	04/01/2024	When calcification in the pineal region exceeds {{c1::1 cm::# cm}} in size, a pathologic pineal process should be suspected.
Published	04/01/2024	Cerebral germ cell tumors {{c1::Well}}-defined, usually midline masses.65% occur in {{c1::pineal}} region (M>F). 60% of all pineal masses. 35%…
Published	04/01/2024	Pineal region masses:Germ Cell Tumors (60%) - "GET Every Cancer"{{c1::Germinoma.Embryonal carcinoma.Teratoma.Endodermal sinus tumor.Choriocarcinoma.}}…
Published	04/01/2024	What does this image show? {{c1::Pineoblastoma}}
Published	04/01/2024	What does this image show? {{c1::Pineocytoma}}
Published	04/01/2024	Pineal cysts:Are common. Signal similar to or slightly higher than CSF, likely due to lack of CSF puslation. Enhancement: {{c1::No enhancement.::yes o…
Published	04/01/2024	What does this image show? {{c1::Pituitary adenoma}}
Published	04/01/2024	What does this image show? {{c1::Craniopharyngioma}}
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Rathke cleft cyst}}: Arise from squamous epithelial remnants of anterior lobe of pituitary gland. Usually asymptomatic. Cyst may contain mucus, …
Published	04/01/2024	SchwannomaArises from {{c1::Schwann}} cells. Commonly affects {{c2::vestibulocochlear (VIII)}} and {{c2::trigeminal (V)}} cranial nerves. {{…
Published	04/01/2024	Most helpful imaging feature in distinguishing vestibular schwannomas: {{c1::Extension of enhancement along course of seventh and eighth nerves.}}
Published	04/01/2024	Four most common Cerebellopontine Masses?{{c1::AMENAcoustic (vestibular) schwannoma.Meningioma.Ependymoma.Neuroepithelial cyst (arachnoid, epidermoid)…
Published	04/01/2024	Intracranial lipomas occur within {{c1::all age groups::age group}}. They are most commonly found in the following locations: Interhemispheric falx (o…
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Arachnoid cysts}}: Are intra-arachnoidal. 50% occur in middle cranial fossa. Other sites: Frontal convexity. Suprasellar and quadrigeminal ciste…
Published	04/01/2024	What does the blue arrow point to? {{c1::Hamartoma of tuber cinereum}}
Published	04/01/2024	Intracranial tuberculoma: Granuloma with {{c1::central caseous necrosis}}. {{c2::Isodense or slightly hyperdense::density}} nodules or small…
Published	04/01/2024	Brain Coccidioidomycosis: Occurs in {{c1::southwestern::location - ie midwest}} United States. Focal parenchymal granulomas are {{c2::rare::rare or co…
Published	04/01/2024	Brain Histoplasmosis: Occurs in {{c1::Midwest and southern}} United States. {{c2::Meningitis::assoc neuro comdition}} is most common. Multiple or soli…
Published	04/01/2024	CNS Aspergillosis (describe what it causes in the brain):Parenchymal disease usually takes the form of an abscess.Granulomas are unusual.{{c1::Subcort…
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::CNS Mucormycosis::Condition}}: Invades brain usually by direct extension from {{c2::sinuses, nose, or oral cavity}}. Almost all patients are dia…
Published	04/01/2024	CNS Candidiasis:Usually causes {{c1::meningitis}}. Granulomas and small abscesses may occur. Meningeal enhancement or multiple small enhancing granulo…
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Gelatinous pseudocyst}}: Cystic lesion usually in basal ganglia. Perivascular spaces filled with cryptococcal organisms. Usually found only in i…
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Cysticercosis}}: Caused by larvae of pork tapeworm {{c2::Taenia solium::other name for pork tapeworm}}. Acquired by ingesting its eggs from…
Published	04/01/2024	Echinococcus (Hyatid Disease):Caused by {{c1::dog tapeworm}}. More commonly involves {{c2::liver and lungs::2 parts of body}}, but brain can rarely be…
Published	04/01/2024	Amebic meningoencephalitis: Amebae enter {{c1::nasal cavity::portion of body}} of patients swimming in infested water. Direct extension through cribri…
Published	04/01/2024	Neurosyphilis: Symptomatic patients may have aseptic meningitis, tabes dorsalis, general paresis, or meningovascular disease. Imaging is usually norma…
Published	04/01/2024	Cytomegalovirus, congenital CNS infection:Most common CT findings: {{c1::Periventricular calcification}}No calcifications of basal ganglia or cor…
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Adult herpes simplex CNS infection::Virus}}: May cause encephalitis or cranial neuritis. 70% mortality rate in untreated patients. Ill-defined h…
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Ramsay Hunt syndrome::Condition}}: Herpes zoster facial neuritis. Ear pain, facial paralysis, vesicular eruption about the ear. MR may reveal in…
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)::Condition}}: May occur after viral infection, following a vaccination, or spontaneously. When treat…
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis::Condition}}: caused by variant of measles virus. Occurs in children and young adults who had measles before…
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)::Condition}}: Demyelinating disease caused by a papova virus. Occurs only in immunosuppressed p…
Published	04/01/2024	Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease:Caused by prions.Rapidly progressive dementia, ataxia, and myoclonus, leading to death.Early stage, high DWI signal within {…
Published	04/01/2024	Meningitis forms causing thick meningeal enhancement (pachymeningeal): {{c1::MNEUMONIC: PACh TURFSTUberculous meningitis.Racemose cysticercosisFu…
Published	04/01/2024	Most common CNS AIDS tumor: {{c1::Primary CNS lymphoma}}
Published	04/01/2024	HIV Encephalopathy:{{c1::Diffuse atrophy}} is most common MRI manifestation.{{c1::White matter lesions::MRI changes}} are seen with AIDS dementia comp…
Published	04/01/2024	Most common opportunistic CNS infection in AIDS: {{c1::Toxoplasmosis}}
Published	04/01/2024	Toxoplasmosis (describe imaging):Multiple high T2 signal and {{c1::enhancing::enhancing or non-enhancing}} mass lesions (1-4 cm) with s…
Published	04/01/2024	Most common AIDS CNS fungal infection: {{c1::Cryptococcosis}}
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Primary CNS lymphoma::Condition}}: Most common intracranial tumor in AIDS. Solitary or multiple enhancing mass lesions, centrally located within…
Published	04/01/2024	Multiple sclerosis (MS, Primary Demyelination): Multiple CNS lesions separated in {{c1::time and space::2 things}}. Typical lesions are high T2 signal…
Published	04/01/2024	Involvement of callosal-septal interface is quite specific for {{c1::multiple sclerosis::condition}}
Published	04/01/2024	Nonspecific punctuate white matter lesions (small bright lesions on T2WIs) are more prominent in any patient with {{c1::vasculopathy or hypercoagulabl…
Published	04/01/2024	A classic case presentation is that of a young adult female with prior miscarriages presenting with headaches/migraines and ischemic white matter chan…
Published	04/01/2024	Ependymitis granularis: Normal anatomic finding. High T2 signal at tips of {{c1::frontal horns}}. Due to porous ependyma allowing transependymal flow …
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Senescent periventricular hyperintensity}}: Age-related high T2 signal along entire length of lateral ventricles.
Published	04/01/2024	Prominent perivascular spaces:{{c2::CSF}}-filled perivascular clefts. Also called {{c2::Virchow-Robin}} spaces. Punctate foci of {{c1::high …
Published	04/01/2024	MR sequences that help distinguish perivascular spaces from parenchymal lesions
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM)}}: Demyelination of central pons. Due to electrolyte abnormalities, particularly hyponatremia, that are rapid…
Published	04/01/2024	{{c2::Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES)}}: Symmetric subcortical and cortical vasogenic edema within {{c1::parietooccipital}} lobes.…
Published	04/01/2024	Wernicke encephalopathy and Korsakoff syndrome: Metabolic disorders caused by thiamine (B1 vitamin) deficiency: alcoholics, hematologic malignancies, …
Published	04/01/2024	Metachromatic leukodystrophy: Deficiency of the enzyme {{c1::arylsulfatase A::enzyme name}}Normal head size. Infantile form presents at ages 1-2 …
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Adrenoleukodystrophy::Condition}}: Normal head size. 5-10 yo. Symmetric occiptal and splenium of corpus callossom white matter invovlement. No g…
Published	04/01/2024	Canavan disease: Normal to large head size. less than 1 yo. Diffuse white matter involvement. {{c1::Vacuolization}} of cortical gray matter. Deficienc…
Published	04/01/2024	Alexander disease: Condition type: {{c3::leukodystrophy}}head size: {{c1::Normal to large head size.}}age of onset: {{c1::Less than 1 yo.}}white matte…
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Transependymal flow of CSF}}: Occurs in acute hydrocephalus. May mimic periventricular white matter disease. Important means of CSF reabsorption…
Published	04/01/2024	CSF circulation route: {{c1::Produced mainly by choroid plexus of lateral, third, and fourth ventricles. Flows from lateral ventricles through foramin…
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Communicating hydrocephalus::Condition}}: Will commonly demonstrate supratentorial ventriculomegaly, with a fourth ventricle that appears normal…
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Ex Vacuo Ventriculomegaly::What is this called?}}: Enlarged ventricles due to cerebral atrophy. Prominence of both sulci and ventricles.
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Normal pressure hydrocephalus}}: Chronic, low-level form of hydrocephalus. Clinical triad: Dementia, gait disturbance, and urinary incontinence
Published	04/01/2024	{{c2::Alzheimer disease (AD)::Diagnosis}}: Prefential atrophy of hippocampal formation. Temporal lobes. Parietotemporal cortices. Enlargement of …
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Parkinson disease}}: Most common basal ganglia disorder. Deficiency of dopamine specifically within pars compacta of the substantia nigra. MR im…
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Huntington disease}}: Progressive hereditary disorder occuring in {{c2::fourth and fifth}} decades. Findings: Diffuse cortical atrophy. Caudate …
Published	04/01/2024	Wilson disease: {{c1::Hepatolenticular}} degeneration.
Published	04/01/2024	Bilateral lesions of basal ganglia can be seen in a variety of insults:Carbon monoxide exposure ({{c1::globus pallidus::BG structure}}). Methanol toxi…
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease::Condition}}: Rare X-linked leukodystrophy. Arrest of myelin development, usually in neonatal period. Shows lack on…
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::HYPOXIC ISCHEMIC ENCEPHALOPATHY (HIE)::Condition}}: Damage to brain from hypoxia/ischemia occurring in utero or around time of delivery.
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Hydranencephaly::Condition}}: Ischemic infarction of both cerebral hemispheres. Early compromise of both carotid arteries with preservation of p…
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Lipomas of corpus callosum::Condition}}: Congenital abnormalities. High T1 signal with fat supression. No mass effect. Vessels course through th…
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Lissencephaly and pachygria/agyria complex::2 conditions}}: Synonyms meaning absence of gyri. Smooth hourglass brain. Thick, multilayered cortex…
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Hemimegalencephaly::Condition}}: Asymmetric hemispheric enlarged with polymicrogyric and pachygyric changes. May be associated with neurofi…
Published	04/01/2024	Describe polymicrogyria and pachygria:{{c1::Pachygyria}} is a incomplete lissencephaly. Broad, thick gyri with shallow sulci. Normal interdigitat…
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Heterotopic Gray Matter::Diagnosis}}: Islands of gray matter anywhere between ependymal surface and subcortical white matter. May cause seizures…
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Schizencephaly}}: Gray matter lined cleft due to abnormal neuronal migration
Published	04/01/2024	Distinguishing porencephaly from open lipped schizencephalySchizencephalic clefts: lined by {{c1::gray}} matter. Porencephalic cysts: lined by a thin …
Published	04/01/2024	Chiari II malformations, describe:
Published	04/01/2024	Chiari I malformationsCerebellar tonsillar ectopia (tonsils extend > {{c2::5::#}} mm below foramen magnum). Patients may be asymptomatic. May give …
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Dandy-Walker Malformation::Condition}}:- Large posterior fossa with high tentorial insertion.- Dilated cystic 4th ventricle fills posterior foss…
Published	04/01/2024	{{c1::Neurofibromatosis type 2::Condition}}: Vestibular schwannomas. Meningiomas. Spinal glial tumors. Optic and other gliomas. chromosome 22
Published	04/01/2024	Tuberous sclerosis: "HAMARTOMAS"{{c1::HarmatomaAngiofibromaMitral Regurgitation::1st three words}}{{c2::Ash-leaf spotsRhabdomyomaTubers::Second 3…
Published	04/01/2024	Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome. What is it?Inherited disorder consisting of retinal angiomas and cerebellar and spinal hemangioblastomas. Cerebellar …
Published	04/01/2024	What is this showing?{{c1:: Epidural hematoma}}
Published	04/01/2024	What does the arrow point to in these images? {{c1::Colloid cyst}}
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