Notes in Biochemistry

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	03/29/2024	A {{c1::positive::positive or negative}} sense RNA strand is itself an mRNA and can be translated {{c2::directly}} into a protein.
Published	03/29/2024	{{c2::}}This amino acid is {{c1::Glycine::Full Name}}, {{c1::GLY::3 Letter Name}}, {{c1::G::1 Letter Name}}: {{c1::Nonpolar Aliphatic::Side Chain Char…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c2::}}This amino acid is {{c1::Alanine::Full Name}}, {{c1::ALA::3 Letter Name}}, {{c1::A::1 Letter Name}}: {{c1::Nonpolar Aliphatic::Side Chain Char…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c2::}}This amino acid is {{c1::Valine::Full Name}}, {{c1::VAL::3 Letter Name}}, {{c1::V::1 Letter Name}}: {{c1::Nonpolar Aliphatic::Side Chain Chara…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c2::}} This amino acid is {{c1::Leucine::Full Name}}, {{c1::LEU::3 Letter Name}}, {{c1::L::1 Letter Name}}: {{c1::Nonpolar Aliphatic::Side Chai…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c2::}}This amino acid is {{c1::Isoleucine::Full Name}}, {{c1::ILE::3 Letter Name}}, {{c1::I::1 Letter Name}}: {{c1::Nonpolar Aliphatic::Side Chain C…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c2::}}This amino acid is {{c1::Methionine::Full Name}}, {{c1::MET::3 Letter Name}}, {{c1::M::1 Letter Name}}: {{c1::Nonpolar Aliphatic::Side Chain C…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c2::}}This amino acid is {{c1::Proline::Full Name}}, {{c1::PRO::3 Letter Name}}, {{c1::P::1 Letter Name}}: {{c1::Nonpolar Aliphatic, Cyclic::Side Ch…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c2::}}This amino acid is  {{c1::Phenylalanine::Full Name}}, {{c1::PHE::3 Letter Name}}, {{c1::F::1 Letter Name}}: {{c1::Nonpolar Aromatic::Side…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c2::}}This amino acid is {{c1::Tryptophan::Full Name}}, {{c1::TRP::3 Letter Name}}, {{c1::W::1 Letter Name}}: {{c1::Nonpolar Aromatic::Side Chain Ch…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c2::}}This amino acid is {{c1::Serine::Full Name}}, {{c1::SER::3 Letter Name}}, {{c1::S::1 Letter Name}}: {{c1::Polar Uncharged Aliphatic::Side Chai…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c2::}}This amino acid is {{c1::Threonine::Full Name}}, {{c1::THR::3 Letter Name}}, {{c1::T::1 Letter Name}}: {{c1::Polar Uncharged Aliphatic::Side C…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c2::}}This amino acid is {{c1::Tyrosine::Full Name}}, {{c1::TYR::3 Letter Name}}, {{c1::Y::1 Letter Name}}: {{c1::Barely Polar, Aromatic Uncharged::…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c2::}}This amino acid is {{c1::Cysteine::Full Name}}, {{c1::CYS::3 Letter Name}}, {{c1::C::1 Letter Name}}: {{c1::Polar Uncharged Aliphatic::Side Ch…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c2::}}This amino acid is {{c1::AsparagiNe::Full Name}}, {{c1::ASN::3 Letter Name}}, {{c1::N::1 Letter Name}}: {{c1::Polar Uncharged Aliphatic::Side …
Published	03/29/2024	{{c2::}} This amino acid is {{c1::Glutamine::Full Name}}, {{c1::GLN::3 Letter Name}}, {{c1::Q::1 Letter Name}}: {{c1::Polar Uncharged Aliphatic::…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c2::}}This amino acid is {{c1::Lysine::Full Name}}, {{c1::LYS::3 Letter Name}}, {{c1::K::1 Letter Name}}: {{c1::Polar Positively-Charged Aliphatic, …
Published	03/29/2024	{{c2::}}This amino acid is {{c1::ARginine::Full Name}}, {{c1::ARG::3 Letter Name}}, {{c1::R::1 Letter Name}}: {{c1::Polar Positively-Charged Aliphatic…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c2::}}This amino acid is {{c1::Histidine::Full Name}}, {{c1::His::3 Letter Name}}, {{c1::H::1 Letter Name}}: {{c1::Polar Positively-Charged Aromatic…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c2::}}This amino acid is {{c1::Aspartate::Full Name}}, {{c1::ASP::3 Letter Name}}, {{c1::D::1 Letter Name}}: {{c1::Polar Negatively-Charged Aliphati…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c2::}}This amino acid is {{c1::Glutamic Acid::Full Name}}, {{c1::GLU::3 Letter Name}}, {{c1::E::1 Letter Name}}: {{c1::Polar Negatively-Charged Alip…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c2::}}This is the {{c1::indole}} group.
Published	03/29/2024	{{c2::}}This is the {{c1::imidazole}} group.
Published	03/29/2024	{{c2::}}This is the {{c1::guanidinium}} group.
Published	03/29/2024	Amino acids are simple organic compounds containing both a/an {{c1::carboxyl (—COOH)}} group and a/an {{c1::amino (—NH2)}} group.
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Glycine}} is the only amino acid that is not chiral.
Published	03/29/2024	The stereochemistry of the α-carbon in all eukaryotic amino acids (except glycine) is {{c1::L::D or L}}
Published	03/29/2024	All chiral amino acids except cysteine have {{c1::(S)::R or S}} configuration.
Published	03/29/2024	The {{c1:: L/D}} system classifies stereocenters by {{c2::relating them to glyceraldehyde}} The {{c1::R/S}} system classifies stereocenters by {{c2::…
Published	03/29/2024	Amphoteric molecules can act as either a/an {{c1::base}} or a/an {{c1::acid}}.
Published	03/29/2024	The pH at which half of the species is deprotonated is called the {{c1::pKa}}.
Published	03/29/2024	A {{c2::low}} pH will cause amino acids to be {{c1::full protonated}}.
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Isoelectric point}} is the pH at which an amino acid is in {{c2::zwitterion}} form.
Published	03/29/2024	A/an {{c1::zwitterion}} is when all charges cancel out, so the molecule is neutral.
Published	03/29/2024	The isoelectric point formula when there is no side chain is:{{c1::}}
Published	03/29/2024	The isoelectric point formula when there is a neutral side chain is:{{c1::}}
Published	03/29/2024	The isoelectric point formula when there is a basic side chain is:{{c1::}}
Published	03/29/2024	The isoelectric point formula when there is an acidic side chain is:{{c1::}}
Published	03/29/2024	At the {{c2::midpoint}} of a titration, the pH = {{c1::pKa}}.
Published	03/29/2024	At the {{c2::equivalence point}} of a titration, pH = {{c1::pI}}.
Published	03/29/2024	The {{c1::1°::1°, 2°, 3°, or 4°}} structure of proteins is {{c2::the linear sequence of amino acids in a peptide}}.
Published	03/29/2024	The {{c1::2°::1°, 2°, 3°, or 4°}} structure of proteins is {{c2::the local folding of neighboring amino acids.}} The most common ones are {{c2::α-heli…
Published	03/29/2024	The {{c1::3°::1°, 2°, 3°, or 4°}} structure of proteins is {{c2::the 3-D shape of a single polypeptide chain}}.
Published	03/29/2024	The {{c1::4°::1°, 2°, 3°, or 4°}} structure of proteins is {{c2::the interaction between peptides in proteins that contain multiple subunits}}.
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::α-helices}} are {{c2::clockwise::clockwise or counterclockwise}} coils around a central axis and are a common {{c1::2°::1°, 2°, 3°, or 4°}} prot…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::β-pleated sheets}} are rippled strands that can be parallel or antiparallel and are a common {{c1::2°::1°, 2°, 3°, or 4°}} protei…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Proline::Amino acid}} has a {{c2::rigid cyclic}} structure and can interrupt {{c2::2°}} protein structure.
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Denaturation}} is when a protein (or nucleic acid) loses its {{c2::4°, 3°, and 2°}} structures due to {{c3::breaki…
Published	03/29/2024	The {{c1::hydrophobic effect}} pushes hydrophobic R groups to the interior of a protein, which {{c1::increases::increases or decreases}} ent…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Disulfide bonds}} occur when two cysteine molecules are {{c2::oxidized}} and create a covalent bond between their {{c2::thiol}} g…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Conjugated proteins}} are complex proteins, such as hemoglobin, consisting of {{c2::amino acids}} combined with {{c2::other substances}}.
Published	03/29/2024	A/an {{c1::prosthetic group}} is {{c2::the attached molecule in a conjugated protein}} and can be {{c2::a metal ion, vitamin, lipid, carbohy…
Published	03/29/2024	Peptide bonds link the {{c1::α-carboxyl group::... group}} of one amino acid to the {{c1::α-amino group::... group}} of the next a…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Enzymes}} are reusable catalysts that are {{c2::unchanged}} by the reactions they catalyze.
Published	03/29/2024	{{c2::Exergonic}} reactions {{c1::release::require or release}} energy.
Published	03/29/2024	{{c2::Endergonic}} reactions {{c1::require::require or release}} energy
Published	03/29/2024	A/an {{c1::oxidoreductase::type of enzyme}} catalyzes {{c2::REDOX}} reactions that involve the {{c2::transfer of electrons}}.
Published	03/29/2024	A/an {{c1::transferase::type of enzyme}} {{c2::moves a functional group from one molecule to another.::does what?}}
Published	03/29/2024	A/an {{c1::hydrolase::type of enzyme}} catalyzes {{c2::cleavage}} with {{c2::the addition of H2O}}.
Published	03/29/2024	A/an {{c1::lyase::type of enzyme}} catalyzes {{c2::cleavage}} without {{c3::the addition of H2O}} or {{c3::the transfer of electrons}}.
Published	03/29/2024	A/an {{c1::isomerase::type of enzyme}} catalyzes {{c2::the interconversion of isomers}}.
Published	03/29/2024	A/an {{c1::ligase::type of enzyme}} {{c2::joins two large biomolecules, often of the same type::does what?}}.
Published	03/29/2024	A/an {{c1::lipase::type of enzyme}} catalyzes {{c2::the hydrolysis of fats}}.
Published	03/29/2024	A/an {{c1::kinase::type of enzyme}} {{c2::adds a phosphate group from ATP to a substrate.::does what?}}
Published	03/29/2024	A/an {{c1::phosphatase::type of enzyme}} {{c2::removes a phosphate group from a substrate::does what?}}
Published	03/29/2024	A/an {{c1::phosphorylase::type of enzyme}} {{c2::adds a phosphate group from an inorganic phosphate like HPO4 to a substrate.::does what?}}
Published	03/29/2024	A Michaelis-Menten curve is {{c1::hyperbolic::shape}}.
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Km}} is the {{c2::substrate concentration}} that gives you {{c3::a reaction rate that is halfway to Vmax::what?}}
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Vmax}} is the {{c2::maximum rate}} at which {{c3::an enzyme can catalyze a reaction.::what happens?}}
Published	03/29/2024	The {{c2::Michaelis–Menten}} equation is:{{c1::}}
Published	03/29/2024	{{c2::Cooperative}} enzymes display a {{c1::sigmoidal::shape}} curve.
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Cooperative binding}} is when {{c2::the binding of the first molecule of B to A changes the binding affinity of the second B molecule, making it…
Published	03/29/2024	The {{c1::active site::part of enzyme}} is the site of {{c2::catalysis.}}
Published	03/29/2024	The {{c1::lock and key theory::... theory}} states that the enzyme and substrate are exactly complementary and fit together like a key into a loc…
Published	03/29/2024	The {{c1::induced fit theory::... theory}} states that the enzyme and substrate undergo conformational changes in order to interact fully.
Published	03/29/2024	A/an {{c1::cofactor}} is a {{c2::metal cation}} that is required by some enzymes.
Published	03/29/2024	A/an {{c1::coenzyme (type of cofactor)}} is {{c2::an organic molecule}} that is required by some enzymes.
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Feedback inhibition::... inhibition}} of an enzyme is when an enzyme is inhibited by {{c2::high levels of a product from later in the …
Published	03/29/2024	A/an {{c1::competitive inhibitor::... inhibitor}} binds at the {{c2::active}} site and thus {{c2::prevents the substrate from bind…
Published	03/29/2024	A/an {{c1::uncompetitive inhibitor::... inhibitor}} binds {{c2::only with the enzyme-substrate complex}}.
Published	03/29/2024	A/an {{c1::noncompetitive inhibitor::... inhibitor}} binds at a(n) {{c2::allosteric site, away from the active site}}.
Published	03/29/2024	In {{c2::competitive}} inhibition:Vmax: {{c1::has no change}}.Km: {{c1::goes up}}.
Published	03/29/2024	In {{c2::uncompetitive}} inhibition:Vmax: {{c1::goes down}}.Km: {{c1::goes down}}.
Published	03/29/2024	In {{c2::noncompetitive}} inhibition:Vmax: {{c1::goes down}}.Km: {{c1::has no change}}.
Published	03/29/2024	Lineweaver-Burk Plot: X-intercept = {{c1::-1/Km}}.Y-intercept = {{c1::1/Vmax}}.Ratio indicated by the slope = {{c1::Km/Vmax}}.
Published	03/29/2024	This graph shows the activity of a/an {{c1::competitive inhibitor::... inhibitor}}.
Published	03/29/2024	This graph shows the activity of a/an {{c1::uncompetitive inhibitor::... inhibitor}}.
Published	03/29/2024	This graph shows the activity of a/an {{c1::noncompetitive inhibitor::... inhibitor}}.
Published	03/29/2024	Lineweaver-Burk plots are described as {{c2::double reciprocal}} plots because the {{c3::X}}-intercept is {{c1::-1/Km}} and the {{c3::Y}}-interce…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c2::An irreversible}} inhibitor is any inhibitor that {{c1::covalently binds}} to the {{c1::active}} site of some enzyme, thus e…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Suicide inhibition::... inhibition}} is {{c2::an irreversible}} form of enzyme inhibition that occurs when {{c2::an enzyme binds a sub…
Published	03/29/2024	A/an {{c1::allosteric effector::... effector}} binds at the {{c2::allosteric}} site and {{c2::induces a change in the conformation of the en…
Published	03/29/2024	A/an {{c1::homotropic effector::... effector}} is {{c2::an allosteric regulator}} that is also the {{c2::substrate}}.
Published	03/29/2024	A/an {{c1::heterotropic effector::... effector}} is {{c2::an allosteric regulator}} molecule that is {{c2::different from the substrate}}.
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Phosphorylation}} is the {{c3::covalent::type of bond}} binding of a {{c2::phosphoryl group (PO3-)}} to an organic mole…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Glycosylation}} is the chemical addition of a {{c2::carbohydrate}}.
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Zymogens}} are {{c2::precursors to an enzyme}}.
Published	03/29/2024	The Michaelis-Menten reaction scheme is:{{c1::}}
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Structural proteins::.. proteins}} compose the {{c2::cytoskeleton}}, {{c2::anchoring proteins}}, and much of the {{c2::extracellular matrix…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Motor proteins::... proteins}} convert {{c2::chemical energy}} into {{c2::mechanical work}} by {{c3::the hydrolysis of ATP}}.
Published	03/29/2024	A/an {{c1::binding protein::... protein}} is any protein that acts as {{c2::an agent to bind two or more molecules together}}…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Cell Adhesion Molecules}} allow cells to {{c2::bind to other cells or surfaces}}.
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Cadherins::Type of proteins}} are {{c2::calcium dependent glycoproteins}} that {{c3::hold similar cells together.::do what?}}
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Integrins::Type of proteins}} have {{c2::two membrane-spanning chains::structure}} and permit cells to {{c3::adhere to proteins}}&nbsp…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Selectins::Type of proteins}} allow cells to {{c2::adhere to carbohydrates::perform this function,}} {{c3::on the surfaces of other ce…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Antibodies}} are used by the immune system to target {{c2::a specific antigen}}, which may be {{c3::a protein}} on the surface of…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Ion channels}} are protein molecules that span across the cell membrane allowing the passage of {{c2::ions}} from one side of the…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c2::Ungated}} ion channels are {{c1::always::sometimes or always}} open.
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Voltage-gated channels::... channels}} open {{c2::within a range of membrane potentials.::when?}}
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Ligand-gated channels::... channels}} open {{c2::in the presence of a specific binding substance, usually a hormone or neurotransmitte…
Published	03/29/2024	Enzyme-linked receptors participate in cell signaling through extracellular ligand binding and initiation of {{c1::2nd messenger cascad…
Published	03/29/2024	A common example of a 1st messenger to a G-protein coupled receptor is {{c1::epinephrine}}.
Published	03/29/2024	The {{c1::D and L system}} is the convention that is used to designate the configurations of {{c2::chiral carbons}}, only in {{c3::carbohydrates and a…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Carbohydrates}} are "hydrates of carbon."
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Enantiomers}} are stereoisomers that are {{c2::non-superimposable}} and {{c2::mirror}} images of each other.
Published	03/29/2024	A {{c2::chiral}} molecule is a type of molecule that {{c1::lacks::lacks or has}} an internal plane of symmetry and has a {{c1::non…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Diastereomers}} are stereoisomers that are {{c2::non-superimposable}} and {{c2::are not mirror}} images of each other.
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Enantiomers}} only come in pairs because they are mirror images while there can be more than two {{c1::diastereomers}} depending on the number o…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Epimers}} are a subtype of diastereomers that differ at {{c2::exactly one chiral carbon}}.
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Anomers}} are a subtype of {{c2::epimers}} that differ at the {{c3::anomeric carbon}}.
Published	03/29/2024	A/an {{c1::anomeric carbon}} is a carbon that, in the {{c2::acyclic}} form, is not a {{c2::stereocenter}}, but once it takes on the {{c…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Cyclization}} is when straight-chain carbohydrates form into rings.
Published	03/29/2024	A/an {{c1::α-anomer::... anomer}} is when the \(\ce{-OH}\) group on the anomeric carbon is {{c2::trans::cis or trans}} to the \(\ce{CH_2OH}\)&nbs…
Published	03/29/2024	A/an {{c1::β-anomer::... anomer}} is when the \(\ce{-OH}\) group on the anomeric carbon is {{c2::cis::cis or trans}} to the \(\ce{CH_2OH}\)&…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c2::}}This is an example of a/an {{c1::Haworth projection::... projection}}.
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Mutarotation}} is the {{c2::spontaneous}} shift from one {{c3::anomeric}} form to another.
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Monosaccharides}} are single carbohydrate units.
Published	03/29/2024	{{c2::Reducing}} sugars have a/an {{c1::-OH}} group attached to the {{c1::anomeric carbon}}.
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Deoxy- sugars}} are sugars that have had a {{c2::hydroxyl}} group replaced with a {{c2::hydrogen atom}}.
Published	03/29/2024	In a {{c1::sugar esterification}}, a sugar reacts with a {{c2::carboxylic acid or one of its derivatives}} to form {{c2::an ester}}.
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Glycoside formation}} is the basis for building complex carbohydrates and requires {{c2::the anomeric carbon to link to…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Disaccharides}} form as a result of a {{c2::glycosidic}} bond between two monosaccharide subunits.
Published	03/29/2024	Lipids are {{c1::insoluble}} in {{c2::polar solvents (like water)}} and {{c1::soluble}} in {{c2::nonpolar organic solvents}}.
Published	03/29/2024	Phospholipids contain a {{c1::hydrophilic}} head and {{c1::hydrophobic}} tails.
Published	03/29/2024	A {{c2::saturated}} fatty acid has {{c1::no::#}} double bonds in its tail and is {{c1::less::more or less}} fluid.
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Glycerophospholipids}} are {{c2::phospholipids}} that contain a {{c2::glycerol}} backbone.
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Sphingolipids}} contain a {{c2::sphingosine}} backbone.
Published	03/29/2024	A/an {{c1::sphingomyelin}} is a type of sphingolipid found in animal cell membranes, especially in the membranous {{c2::myelin sheath}} that surr…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Glycosphingolipids}} are a subtype of {{c2::glycolipids}} and contain a/an {{c2::sphingosine}}, a/an {{c2::fatty acid}}, and a/an {{c2::sug…
Published	03/29/2024	A/an {{c1::ganglioside}} is a molecule composed of a {{c2::glycosphingolipid}} with {{c2::one or more sialic acids}} linked on the sugar cha…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Terpenes}} are {{c2::steroid}} precursors.
Published	03/29/2024	{{c3::Steroids}} contain {{c1::3::#}} {{c2::cyclohexane}} ring(s) and {{c1::1::#}} {{c2::cyclopentane}} ring(s)
Published	03/29/2024	The precursor to {{c2::steroid}} hormones is {{c1::cholesterol}}
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Prostaglandins}} are lipid compounds that are {{c2::signaling}} molecules and regulate {{c2::cAMP}} levels
Published	03/29/2024	The four fat soluble vitamins are {{c1::A}}, {{c1::D}}, {{c1::E}}, and {{c1::K}}
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Triacylglycerols}} are the {{c2::storage}} form of fatty acids
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Adipocytes}} are cells used for storage of triacylglycerol deposits
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Free fatty acids}} are {{c2::unesterified}} fatty acids that travel in the bloodstream
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Saponification}} is the {{c2::ester hydrolysis}} of {{c2::triacylglycerols}} using a {{c3::strong base like NaOH or KOH}}.
Published	03/29/2024	A/an {{c1::micelle}} can dissolve a {{c2::lipid-soluble}} molecule in its {{c2::fatty acid}} core
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Nucleic acids}} are polymers of {{c2::nucleotides}}.
Published	03/29/2024	The {{c2::primary}} structure of nucleic acids is the {{c1::linear sequence of nucleotides}}
Published	03/29/2024	The {{c2::secondary}} structure of nucleic acids is made up of {{c1::interactions between bases within the same molecule}}
Published	03/29/2024	The {{c2::tertiary}} structure of nucleic acids is made up by the {{c1::location of the atoms in 3D space}}
Published	03/29/2024	The {{c2::quaternary}} structure of nucleic acids is made up of {{c1::interactions of nucleic acids with other molecules}}
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)}} is a polymer made up of monomers called {{c2::nucleotides}}. Long strands form a double helix which runs {{c2…
Published	03/29/2024	DNA is {{c1::negatively::positively or negatively}} charged due to {{c2::its phosphate backbone}}.
Published	03/29/2024	A {{c1::nucleoside}} is a {{c2::5}}-carbon sugar plus a {{c2::nitrogenous}} base and {{c2::no}} phosphate groups
Published	03/29/2024	A {{c1::nucleotide}} is a nucleoside with {{c2::1 to 3 phosphate groups added}}.
Published	03/29/2024	The {{c1::Watson-Crick model::... model}} states that DNA is a {{c2::double-stranded, helical structure}}.
Published	03/29/2024	The nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA include:{{c1::Guanine}}{{c1::Cytosine}}{{c1::Adenine}}{{c1::Thymine (DNA only)}}{{c1::Uracil (RNA only)}}
Published	03/29/2024	The {{c2::pyrimidines}} in DNA and RNA have {{c1::1::#}} ring(s).
Published	03/29/2024	The {{c2::purines}} in DNA and RNA have {{c1::2::#}} ring(s)
Published	03/29/2024	The DNA double helix has a diameter of {{c1::20::#}} angstroms
Published	03/29/2024	The DNA backbone is held together by {{c1::phosphodiester bonds::... bonds}}
Published	03/29/2024	Adenine and Thymine are held together by {{c1::2::#}} hydrogen bondsGuanine and Cytosine are held together by {{c1::3::#}} hydrogen bonds
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Chargaff’s rules::... rules}} states that, in DNA, {{c2::the number of purines must equal the number of pyrimidines}}.
Published	03/29/2024	DNA {{c1::replication}} is the process of producing an identical replica of a DNA molecule
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Topoisomerase::Enzyme}} alleviates the tension in the DNA in front of {{c2::helicase}} so it doesn't supercoil or break.
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Helicase::Enzyme}} breaks the {{c2::hydrogen bonds}} between nitrogenous bases in order to {{c2::separate the DNA strands}}.
Published	03/29/2024	{{c2::Single strand binding protein}} binds to {{c3::single-stranded}} DNA and serves to {{c1::prevent annealing of single-stranded DNA into doub…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::DNA primase::Enzyme}} catalyzes the synthesis of the {{c2::RNA primer}}.
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::RNA primers}} are {{c2::short RNA nucleotide}} sequences that are {{c2::complementary}} to the ssDNA and allow {{c3::DNA replication}}…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::DNA polymerase::Enzyme}} adds nucleotides to the {{c2::growing}} strand during {{c3::DNA replication}}.
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Okazaki fragments}} are short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the {{c2::lagging}} template strand during {{c3::DNA…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::DNA ligase::Enzyme}} joins DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of {{c2::phosphodiester bonds}}.
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Oncogenes}} develop from {{c2::mutations of proto-oncogenes}} and promote {{c2::cell cycling}}, which may lead to {{c3::canc…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Tumor suppressor genes}} code for {{c2::proteins}} that reduce {{c3::cell cycling}} or promote {{c3::DNA repair}}
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::DNA polymerase::Enzyme}} {{c2::proofreads}} its work and {{c2::excises }}incorrectly matched bases.
Published	03/29/2024	{{c3::Mismatch repair}} of DNA occurs during {{c1::G2 phase::cell cycle phase}} using the genes {{c2::MSH2}} and {{c2::MLH1}}
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Nucleotide excision repair::... repair}} fixes {{c2::helix-deforming lesions}} of DNA such as {{c3::Thymine dimers}}
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Base excision repair::... repair}} fixes {{c2::nondeforming lesions}} of the DNA helix such as {{c3::cytosine deamination}} by {{c3::r…
Published	03/29/2024	Humans have {{c1::23::#}} pairs of chromosomes, for a total of {{c1::46::#}} chromosomes
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Chromatin}} is a condensed complex of DNA and protein, allowing it to fit inside the cell
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Telomeres}} are at the {{c4::ends}} of chromosomes and contain high {{c2::GC}}-content to prevent {{c3::unraveling of the DNA}}.
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Centromeres}} are located in the {{c2::middle}} of chromosomes and {{c3::hold sister chromatids together until they are&nbsp…
Published	03/29/2024	A/an {{c1::acrocentric chromosome::... chromosome}} is one in which {{c2::the centromere is located near one end of the chromosome and not in the…
Published	03/29/2024	{{c2::Prokaryotes}} have {{c1::1::#}} origin(s) of replication and {{c2::eukaryotes}} have {{c1::multiple::#}} origin(s) of replication
Published	03/29/2024	{{c1::Recombinant DNA}} is DNA composed of nucleotides from {{c2::two different sources}}, created only in {{c2::labs}}.
Published	03/30/2024	The {{c1::central}} dogma states that DNA is transcribed to RNA, which is translated to protein.
Published	03/29/2024	The genetic code is considered {{c1::degenerate}} because {{c2::multiple codons can code for the same amino acid}}.
Published	03/29/2024	Initiation (start) Codon: {{c1::AUG}}Termination (stop) Codons: {{c1::UAA}}, {{c1::UGA}}, {{c1::UAG}}
Published	03/29/2024	The start codon {{c1::AUG}} codes for {{c1::Methionine::amino acid}}
Published	03/29/2024	The {{c1::3rd base::which base}} in a codon can {{c2::wobble}} and break {{c3::standard Watson-Crick rules}} but still code for the int…
Published	03/29/2024	A/an {{c1::point mutation}} is a genetic mutation where {{c2::a single nucleotide base is changed, inserted or deleted from a…
Published	03/29/2024	A/an {{c1::silent mutation::... mutation}} has {{c2::no}} effect on protein synthesis
Published	03/29/2024	A/an {{c1::nonsense mutation::... mutation}} produces {{c2::a premature stop codon}}.
Published	03/29/2024	A/an {{c1::missense mutation::... mutation}} produces {{c2::a codon that codes for a different amino acid}}
Published	03/29/2024	A/an {{c1::frameshift mutation::... mutation}} results from {{c2::a nucleotide addition or deletion}}, and changes the reading frame of subs…
Published	03/29/2024	RNA uses a {{c1::ribose}} sugar and uses {{c1::uracil::nucleotide}} instead of {{c1::thymine::nucleotide}}
Status	Last Update	Fields