Notes in Cancer Biology

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Published	07/30/2024	Cell cycle checkpoint which checks for DNA integrity.
Published	07/30/2024	Cell cycle checkpoint which assesses cell size and growth factors
Published	07/30/2024	Cell cycle checkpoint which checks for chromosome duplication/incomplete DNA replication
Published	07/30/2024	Cell cycle checkpoint which checks for kinetochore attachment to spindles
Published	07/30/2024	Mutations or altered expression of {{c1::regulatory molecules}} will lead to upregulated cell growth and proliferation.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Positive cues (e.g. increased growth factors)}} will increase the activity of regulatory molecules while {{c1::negative cues (e.g. DNA damage)}}…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hallmarks of cancer}} are being pursued as targets for cancer therapy.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Replicative senescence}} states that a cell can only replicate up to 60 times before it stops division having its own programmed cell death or a…
Published	07/30/2024	Cancer cells have {{c1::telomerase (reverse transcriptase enzyme)}} which allows them to elongate their telomeres and add bases at the ends of chromos…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Tumor suppressor genes}} are the most commonly affected genes in cancer cells.
Published	07/30/2024	Mutations in tumor suppressor genes cause {{c1::"loss of function"}} mutations.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Oncogenes}} are "gain of function" genes that result from mutation of {{c1::proto-oncogenes}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Overexpression of {{c1::HER2 gene}} increases cell proliferation, cell migration, and upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Rb (retinoblstoma) and p53}} are tumor suppressor genes that block the transformation of normal cells to cancerous cells because they decide if …
Published	07/30/2024	Cancer cells can alter their metabolism to support increased growth and proliferation. They are able to switch from {{c1::oxidative phosphorylation}} …
Published	07/30/2024	Cancer cells are able to protect themselves from being attacked by upregulating their {{c1::programmed death ligand 1 (PDL-1).}}
Published	07/30/2024	When oxygens and nutrients become insufficient, tumor cells undergo an {{c1::angiogenic switch.}}
Published	07/30/2024	Factors such as inflammation make the tumor cells undergo an {{c1::epithelial to mesenchymal transition.}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Metastasis}} is the spread of cancer cells from the primary site and the formation of new tumors in distant sites.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Organ-specific}} pattern of metastasis is due to having a common blood flow (colon cancer and liver metastasis) and the compatibility of the can…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Lymphatic spread}} is the most common pathway for initial tumor dissemination (regional lymph nodes).
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