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Notes in 19-20Ankle&FootComplex

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Published 07/30/2024 Supination at the subtalar joint during weight bearing involves 4 coupled components:- {{c1::Calcaneal Inversion::what motion takes place in what bone…
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::Cavus foot}} refers to a fixed supinated foot deformity
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::Pes planus or flat foot}} refers to a fixed pronated foot deformity
Published 07/30/2024 Using the posterior calcaneus and posterior midline of leg as reference points:- Calcaneal eversion (valgus) = {{c1::5° to 10°::ROM}}- Calcaneal inver…
Published 07/30/2024 The close packed position of the subtalar joint is in {{c1::the supination::what}} position that promotes a stable foot needed for propulsion during w…
Published 07/30/2024 The transverse tarsal joint is also known as the {{c1::midtarsal}} joint or the {{c1::chopart}} joint
Published 07/30/2024 The transverse tarsal joint is formed by the {{c1::talo-navicular}} and {{c1::calcaneocuboid}} joints
Published 07/30/2024 The {{c1::transverse tarsal}} joint divides the hindfoot from the midfoot
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::The Navicular and Cuboid::Which tarsal bones of the transverse tarsal joint}} are fixed in the weightbearing foot
Published 07/30/2024 The talonavicular joint articulating surfaces:- Proximal = {{c1::Anterior portion of the head of the talus}}- Distal = {{c1::Posterior aspect of navic…
Published 07/30/2024 The capsule of the talonavicular ligament is reinforced medially by the {{c1::deltoid}} ligament and laterally by the {{c1::bifurcate}} ligament
Published 07/30/2024 The {{c1::plantar calcaneonavicular}} ligament is also referred to as the {{c2::spring}} ligament and it spans the gap between the calcaneus and navic…
Published 07/30/2024 The plantar calcaneonavicular/spring ligament's primary role is to {{c1::support the head of the talus and talonavicular joint as a static stabilizer …
Published 07/30/2024 Capsule reinforcements of the calcenocuboid joint:- lateral = {{c2::lateral band of bifurcate ligament (calcaneocuboid ligament)}}- dorsal = {{c2::dor…
Published 07/30/2024 The {{c1::long plantar}} ligament maintains the lateral longitudinal arch while the {{c1::spring}} ligament maintains the medial longitudinal arch
Published 07/30/2024 The longitudinal joint axis of the transverse tarsal joint is inclined {{c1::15°::angle}} upward and {{c1::9°::angle}} mediallyWhereas the transv…
Published 07/30/2024 The transverse tarsal joint permits {{c1::supination/pronation with coupled motions similar to subtalar joint::what motion}}
Published 07/30/2024 The transverse tarsal joint's close packed position is in {{c1::the supination::what}} position
Published 07/30/2024 The {{c1::transverse tarsal}} joint serves as the transitional link between the hindfoot and the forefootIt serves to:- {{c1::increse supination/prona…
Published 07/30/2024 When the subtalar joint pronates to a range beyond that which the transverse talar joint can absorb, the {{c1::lateral}} border of the foot lifts from…
Published 07/30/2024 When the leg maximally laterally rotates on a weightbearing foot, the subtalar and midtarsal joints {{c1::supinate::what motion}}, bringing the two jo…
Published 07/30/2024 The longitudinal arches are anchored posteriorly at the {{c1::calcaneus}} and anteriorly at the {{c1::metatarsal heads}}
Published 07/30/2024 The medial longitudinal arch includes the following bones:- {{c1::Calcaneus}}- {{c1::Talus}}- {{c1::Navicular bone}}- {{c1::All 3 cuneiform}}- {{c1::F…
Published 07/30/2024 The lateral longitudinal arch includes the following bones:- {{c1::Calcaneus}}- {{c1::Cuboid}}- {{c1::Last 2 metatarsals}}
Published 07/30/2024 The keystone of each arch is:- Medial longitudinal arch = {{c1::Talus}}- Lateral longitudinal arch = {{c1::Cuboid}}- Transverse Arch = {{c1::Middle Cu…
Published 07/30/2024 The medial longitudinal arch receives passive support from the following structures:- {{c1::Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament / spring ligament::most…
Published 07/30/2024 The lateral longitudinal arch receives passive support from the following structures:- {{c1::Long plantar ligament}}- {{c1::Short plantar ligamen…
Published 07/30/2024 The plantar aponeurosis, AKA {{c1::plantar fascia}}, has the following attachments:- proximal = {{c2::medial tubercle of calcaneus}}- distal = {{c2::p…
Published 07/30/2024 The {{c1::tie-rod on a truss}} function of the plantar fascia refers to the fascia's function to absorb {{c2::tensile::compressive/tensile}} forces wh…
Published 07/30/2024 The {{c1::windlass}} function of the plantar fascia refers to the fascia's function to raise the plantar arches in response to {{c2::metatarsophalange…
Published 07/30/2024 The plantar arch converts the foot into a {{c1::rigid lever}} for effective toe-off through the {{c1::pulley}} effect of MTPJ on PA
Published 07/30/2024 The tightened plantar fascia contributes {{c1::passive flexor force}} at the metatarsophalangeal joints that prevents excessive MTPJ extension and ass…
Published 07/30/2024 The plantar arch distributes weight such that {{c2::50}}% of the weight passes through the {{c1::subtalar}} joint and the other {{c2::50}}% through th…
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::The tibialis posterior::What muscle}} has the most consistent function in supporting the medial longitudinal arch, which is why its weakness wil…
Published 07/30/2024 ALL muscles of the ankle and foot are multi-jointed{{c1::T::T/F}}
Published 07/30/2024 Motions of ankle and foot and the location of the muscles: Motion​Muscle passes (anteriorly, etc.)......to the ____ joint​ …
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::Supinators::Supinators/Pronators}} are stronger. Similarly, {{c1::plantarflexors::dorsiflexors/plantarflexors}} are stronger. 
Published 07/30/2024 Extrinsic muscles of the ankle and foot in the posterior compartment consists of:- {{c1::Gastrocnemius::superficial muscle}}- {{c1::Soleus::superficia…
Published 07/30/2024 Extrinsic muscles of the ankle and foot in the posterior compartment are able to {{c1::plantar flex::create what motion in}} the foot
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::The triceps surae (gastroc-soleus complex)::What muscle/s}} is the strongest {{c2::plantarflexor}} of the body
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::The triceps surae (gastroc-soleus complex)::What muscle/s}} contributes to making the foot a rigid lever for push-off/toe-off
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::The triceps surae (gastroc-soleus complex)::What muscle/s}} eccentrically controls dorsiflexion while {{c2::supinating::what motion}} the subtal…
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::The tibialis posterior::What muscle/s}} is the 2nd largest extrinsic foot muscle
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::The tibialis posterior::What muscle/s}} has a large moment arm for {{c2::supination::what motion}} of the subtalar and transverse tarsal joints
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::The FDL & FHL::What muscle/s}} plays an important role on balance when the line of gravity moves toward the metatarsal heads and toes
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::The FDL & FHL::What muscle/s}} eccentrically controls metatarsophalangeal extension at the end of the stance phase
Published 07/30/2024 The extrinsic muscles of the ankle and foot, lateral compartment consists of:- {{c1::Peroneus longus}}- {{c1::Peroneus brevis}}
Published 07/30/2024 The extrinsic muscles of the ankle and foot, lateral compartment pass under the {{c1::superior}} and {{c1::inferior peroneal retinacula}} on the later…
Published 07/30/2024 The extrinsic muscles of the ankle and foot, lateral compartment serve as the primary {{c1::pronator::what motion}} of the subtalar joint.{{c1::Planta…
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::The peroneus longus::What muscle/s}} inserts into the medial cuneiform and base of the 1st metatarsal
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::The peroneus longus::What muscle/s}} facilitates transfer of weight from lateral to medial side of foot and stabilizes the 1st ray against dorsi…
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::The peroneus longus::What muscle/s}} facilitates {{c2::pronation::supination/pronation}} twist of first tarsometatarsal joint while the hindfoot…
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::The peroneus longus::What muscle/s}} provides active support to the transverse and lateral longitudinal arches
Published 07/30/2024 Extrinsic muscles of ankle and foot, anterior compartment, consists of the following muscles:- {{c1::Tibialis anterior}}- {{c1::Extensor hallucis long…
Published 07/30/2024 Extrinsic muscles of ankle and foot, anterior compartment pass underneath the {{c1::extensor retinaculum}} and anterior to the talocrural axis (hence …
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::The tibialis anterior::What muscle/s}} is a strong {{c2::dorsiflexor}} that also serves as the key {{c2::supinator}} of the subtalar and transve…
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::The EHL::What muscle/s}} is a weak supinator and serves to prevent the big toe from dragging during toe-off via extension of the 1st metatarsoph…
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::The EDL and peroneus tertius::What muscle/s}} is a {{c2::dorsiflexor}} of the ankle and a {{c2::pronator}} of the hindfoot
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::The EDL::What muscle/s}} extends the lesser toes to hold them up during toe-off
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::The plantaris, peroneus longus, and peroneus brevis::Which plantarflexors}} have a small moment arm and only provide 5% of total plantarflexion
Published 07/30/2024 The intrinsic muscles of the foot stabilize the toes, are dynamic supporters of the arches, and stabilize the {{c1::sesamoid}} bones by attaching to t…
Published 07/30/2024 The intrinsic muscles of the foot augment the tie-rod function of the plantar fascia due to their origin in the {{c1::calcaneus}} and insertion in the…
Published 07/30/2024 The intrinsic muscles of the foot {{c2::periodically::periodically/consistently}} contract during {{c1::standing}} and {{c2::consistently::periodicall…
Published 07/30/2024 The lumbricals and interossei {{c1::flex::flex/extend}} the metatarsophalangeal joints while {{c1::extending::flexing/extending}} the interphalangeal …
Published 07/30/2024 The ankle-foot complex consists of {{c1::28::n}} bones and {{c1::25::n}} component joints.
Published 07/30/2024 The ankle-foot complex has {{c1::5::n}} {{c2::tarsometatarsal}} and {{c1::5::n}} {{c2::metatarsophalangeal}} joints, and {{c1::9::n}} {{c2::interphala…
Published 07/30/2024 The three functional segments of the ankle-foot complex are the {{c1::hindfoot, midfoot, and forefoot::3}}
Published 07/30/2024 The {{c2::hind}}foot is composed of the {{c1::talus and calcaneus::2 bones}}.
Published 07/30/2024 The {{c2::mid}}foot is composed of the {{c1::navicular, cuboid, and 3 cuneiform bones::5 bones}}
Published 07/30/2024 The {{c2::fore}}foot is composed of the {{c1::metatarsals (5) and phalanges}}
Published 07/30/2024 3 Cuneiform Bones:{{c1::MedialMiddleLateral::3}}
Published 07/30/2024 The motions of {{c2::DF/PF::motion}} occur in the {{c1::sagittal}} plane around a {{c1::coronal}} axis.
Published 07/30/2024 The motions of {{c2::inversion/eversion::motion}} occur in the {{c1::frontal}} plane around a {{c1::longitudinal A-P}} axis.
Published 07/30/2024 The motions of {{c2::abduction/adduction::motion}} occur in the {{c1::transverse} plane around a {{c1::vertical}} axis.
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::Dorsiflexion::motion}} decreases the angle between the leg and the dorsum of the foot.
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::Plantarflexion::motion}} increases the angle between the leg and the dorsum of the foot.
Published 07/30/2024 In {{c1::inversion::motion}}, plantar surface of the segment is brought toward the midline.
Published 07/30/2024 In {{c1::eversion::motion}}, plantar surface of the segment is brought away from the midline.
Published 07/30/2024 In NWB, {{c2::pronation}} is coupled with {{c1::dorsiflexion, eversion, and abduction::3 motions}}.
Published 07/30/2024 In NWB, {{c2::supination}} is coupled with {{c1::plantarflexion, inversion, and adduction::3 motions}}.
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::Valgus}} refers to the {{c2::increase::increase/decrease}} in the medial angle between two bones, where movement of the distal segment is {{c2::…
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::Varus}} refers to the {{c2::decrease::increase/decrease}} in the medial angle between two bones, where movement of the distal segment is {{c2::t…
Published 07/30/2024 The term {{c1::calcaneovalgus}} is used to name a fixed deformity brought by the increase in medial angle in between two bones.
Published 07/30/2024 The term {{c1::calcaneovarus}} is used to name a fixed deformity brought by the decrease in medial angle in between two bones.
Published 07/30/2024 The 3 facets of the {{c1::proximal}} articular surface of the ankle joint includes the {{c2::concave surface of the distal tibia, tibial malleoli, and…
Published 07/30/2024 In the concave surface of the distal tibia, the {{c1::pos::an/pos}}terior margin projects more distally compared to your {{c1::an::an/pos}}terior…
Published 07/30/2024 The {{c1::fibular::tibial/fibular}} malleoli extends more distally compared to the {{c1::tibial::tibial/fibular}} malleoli.
Published 07/30/2024 The adjustability of the ankle mortise is made possible by the {{c1::proximal and distal tibiofibular::2}} joints.
Published 07/30/2024 The {{c1::proximal}} tibiofibular joint, a plane synovial joint, is located between {{c2::the head of the fibular (concave facet)}} and {{c2::posterol…
Published 07/30/2024 The proximal tibiofibular joint capsule is reinforced by {{c1::anterior}} and {{c1::posterior}} tibiofibular ligaments.
Published 07/30/2024 The joint capsule of the distal tibiofibular joint is reinforced by the distal anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments and the interosseous memb…
Published 07/30/2024 The distal tibiofibular joint is the concave facet of the distal {{c1::tibia}} and convex facet of the distal {{c1::fibula}}.
Published 07/30/2024 Ligamentous reinforcement of the distal tibiofibular joint:{{c1::Anterior and posterior (distal) tibiofibular ligamentsInterosseous mambreane::2}}
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::High ankle or syndesmotic sprains}} occur when there is separation of {{c2::distal tibia and fibula}}.
Published 07/30/2024 Injuries in the distal tibiofibular joint occur due to forced {{c1::lateral rotation of talus::movement of a bone}}.
Published 07/30/2024 The {{c1::body of the talus::bone}} is wedge-shaped, wider {{c2::ante::ante/poste}}riorly, and forms the distal articular surface of the ankle jo…
Published 07/30/2024 3 articular surfaces (facets) of the talus:{{c1::Large lateral (fibular) facetSmaller medial (tibial) facetTrochlear (superior) facet::3}}
Published 07/30/2024 The ankle joint capsule is thin and weak {{c1::antero-posteriorly::on which sides}}.
Published 07/30/2024 The MCL is also known as the {{c1::deltoid ligament}}.
Published 07/30/2024 The MCL attaches proximally to the {{c1::tibial/medial malleolus}}.
Published 07/30/2024 The MCL attaches distally to the {{c1::navicular bone}} anteriorly and to the {{c2::talus and calcaneus}} posteriorly.
Published 07/30/2024 Mechanism of injury of MCL - {{c1::eversion}} and/or {{c1::pronation}} of ankle and talus.
Published 07/30/2024 3 bands of the LCL:{{c1::Anterior talofibular ligament Posterior talofibular ligamentCalcaneo-fibular ligament::3}}
Published 07/30/2024 The LCL controls/resists {{c1::inversion}} and/or {{c1::supination}} of the ankle and talus.
Published 07/30/2024 The {{c1::lateral}} collateral ligament is weaker and more susceptible to injury compared to the {{c1::medial}} collateral ligament.
Published 07/30/2024 The axis of the ankle joint passes from the {{c1::fibular malleolus and body of the talus}} → just below the {{c2::tibial malleolus}} with a downward …
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::Tibial torsion}} accounts for the out-toeing position of the foot in normal standing.
Published 07/30/2024 Tibial torsion increases from birth until {{c1::10 years of age}}
Published 07/30/2024 During {{c2::dorsiflexion}}, the head of the talus moves {{c1::dorsally}} while the body of the talus moves {{c1::posteriorly}}
Published 07/30/2024 During {{c2::plantarflexion}}, the head of the talus moves {{c1::inferiorly}} while the body of the talus moves {{c1::anteriorly}}
Published 07/30/2024 Talar rotation is also known as {{c1::talar abduction/adduction}}.
Published 07/30/2024 Talar rotation - {{c1::7°::°}} adduction, {{c1::10°::°}} abduction
Published 07/30/2024 Talar tilt - {{c1::5°::°}}
Published 07/30/2024 Primary motions of the ankle (talocrural) joint:{{c1::Dorsiflexion: 20°Plantarflexion: 50°::motions and ROM}}
Published 07/30/2024 Dorsiflexion is primary limited by {{c1::gastrocnemius-soleus complex}}.
Published 07/30/2024 Dorsiflexion is primary limited by {{c1::soleus and posterior crural joint capsule::2}} when knee is flexed.
Published 07/30/2024 Plantarflexion is primary limited by {{c1::tibialis anterior, EHL, and EDL::3}}.
Published 07/30/2024 During WB, the foot enters {{c1::dorsiflexion}} and assumes a close-packed position.
Published 07/30/2024 During WB, the tibia rotates over talus and the {{c1::tibiofibular segment}} slides forward on the trochlear surface of taluis.
Published 07/30/2024 During WB, the wide {{c1::ante::ante/poste}}rior portion of talus wedges into the mortise, resulting in enhanced stability.
Published 07/30/2024 The ankle joint is in loose-packed position during {{c1::plantarflexion}}.
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::Lateral ankle ligament injury (ankle sprains)}} is a common pattern when the ankle assumes a loose-packed position due to less stability.
Published 07/30/2024 In the body of the talus, the medial facet has a {{c1::smaller::smaller/larger}} facet area than the lateral facet.
Published 07/30/2024 The subtalar joint is also known as the {{c1::talo-calcaneal joint}}
Published 07/30/2024 The subtalar joint is between the {{c1::talus::bone}} and {{c1::calcaneus::bone}}.
Published 07/30/2024 The primary role of the subtalar joint is {{c1::to dampen proximal rotational forces}} while maintaining contact of the foot with the ground.
Published 07/30/2024 The {{c2::anterior}} subtalar joint articulation is between con{{c3::vex::cave/vex}} facet on the inferior body {{c1::talus}} and con{{c3::cave::cave/…
Published 07/30/2024 The {{c2::medial}} subtalar joint articulation is between con{{c3::vex::cave/vex}} facet of {{c1::neck of talus}} and con{{c3::cave::cave/vex}} f…
Published 07/30/2024 The {{c2::posterior}} subtalar joint articulation is between con{{c3::vex::cave/vex}} facet of {{c1::body of calcaneus}} and con{{c3::cave::cave/…
Published 07/30/2024 Among the subtalar joint articulations, the {{c1::posterior}} articulation is the largest and receives {{c2::75%::%}} of force transmitted t…
Published 07/30/2024 The {{c2::tarsal canal}} is the sulcus formed between inferior {{c1::talus}} and superior {{c1::calcaneus}} and runs obliquely across the foot
Published 07/30/2024 The {{c1::sinus tarsi}} is the enlarged end of the tarsal canal and is {{c2::anterior}} to the {{c3::lateral::medial/lateral}} malleolus.
Published 07/30/2024 The subtalar joint {{c1::is not::is not/is}} prone to degenerative changes.
Published 07/30/2024 The {{c1::lateral talocalcaneal}} ligament courses between talus and calcaneus on the lateral side.
Published 07/30/2024 The {{c1::cervical}} ligament is the strongest of the subtalar joint ligaments.
Published 07/30/2024 The {{c1::cervical}} ligament joins neck of talus and neck of calcaneus.
Published 07/30/2024 The {{c1::interosseous talocalcaneal}} ligament follows an oblique path from the talus to the calcaneus.
Published 07/30/2024 The {{c1::inferior extensor retinaculum}} provides stability to the subtalar joint superficially and is the most superficial among the subtalar joint …
Published 07/30/2024 The subtalar joint axis is inclined {{c1::42° upward and anteriorly}} from the transverse plane.
Published 07/30/2024 The subtalar joint axis is inclined {{c1::medially 16°}} from the sagittal plane.
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::Tarsometatarsal (TMT)}} joints are {{c2::plane synovial::type of joint}} joints formed by {{c3::the distal row of tarsal bones and bases of meta…
Published 07/30/2024 The {{c1::1st TMTJ::which TMTJ}} is the base of {{c2::1st MT and medial cuneiform::2}}.
Published 07/30/2024 The {{c1::2nd TMTJ::which TMTJ}} is the base of {{c2::2nd MT and mortise (medial, middle, lateral cuneiforms)::2}}.
Published 07/30/2024 The {{c1::3rd TMTJ::which TMTJ}} is the base of {{c2::3rd MT and lateral cuneiform::2}}.
Published 07/30/2024 The {{c1::4th and 5th TMTJs::which TMTJ/s}} are the bases of {{c2::4th and 5th MT and cuboid::3}}.
Published 07/30/2024 Each TMTJ is reinforced by {{c1::dorsal, plantar, and interosseous ligaments::3}}.
Published 07/30/2024 The {{c1::deep transverse MT}} ligament spans the heads of the metatarsals, and contributes to {{c2::TMTJ::which joint}} stability.
Published 07/30/2024 In TMTJ axes, the {{c2::ray}} is a functional unit formed by a {{c1::metatarsal}} and {{c1::cuneiform}}.
Published 07/30/2024 The {{c2::1st to 3rd}} rays are formed by {{c1::metatarsal + cuneiform}}.
Published 07/30/2024 The {{c2::4th to 5th}} rays are formed by {{c1::metatarsals alone}}.
Published 07/30/2024 Most motion occurs at the {{c1::1st and 5th}} rays.
Published 07/30/2024 Movements at the {{c1::5th}} ray is {{c2::opposite::similar/opposite}} those from the 1st ray.
Published 07/30/2024 The {{c2::3rd}} ray coincides with the {{c3::coronal}} axis, predominantly {{c1::DF and PF::2 motions}}.
Published 07/30/2024 The {{c1::2nd}} ray is the least mobile ray, intermediate with the 1st ray axis.
Published 07/30/2024 The {{c1::4th}} ray is intermediate with the 5th ray axis.
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::TMT}} joints contribute to hollowing and flattening of the plantar surface of the foot.
Published 07/30/2024 The {{c1::TMTJ::joint}} is of greatest relevance during WB, where it primarily augments the function of the tranverse tarsal joint.
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::Supination twist}} occurs when hindfoot pronates substantially in WB.
Published 07/30/2024 During supination twist, the {{c1::1st and 2nd}} rays are pushed into {{c2::DF by GRF}}.
Published 07/30/2024 During pronation twist, the {{c1::1st and 2nd}} rays are {{c2::PF to maintain contact with ground}}.
Published 07/30/2024 DF of 1st and 2nd rays and PF of 4th and 5th rays causes {{c1::inversion::motion}}
Published 07/30/2024 PF of 1st and 2nd rays and DF of 4th and 5th rays causes {{c1::eversion::motion}}
Published 07/30/2024 Metatarsal length in index plus:{{c1::1st > 2nd > 3rd > 4th > 5th::arrange the metatarsals in descending order}}
Published 07/30/2024 Metatarsal length in index plus minus:{{c1::(1st = 2nd) > 3rd > 4th > 5th::arrange the metatarsals in descending order}}
Published 07/30/2024 Metatarsal length in index minus (Morton's foot):{{c1::2nd > 1st > 3rd > 4th > 5th::arrange the metatarsals in descending order}}
Published 07/30/2024 The 2nd MT is predisposed to injuries (stress fracture) when the metatarsal lengths are at {{c1::index minus}}.
Published 07/30/2024 The {{c1::metatarsophalangeal (MTP)}} joints are {{c2::condyloid}} joints with {{c3::2::n}} degrees of freedom.
Published 07/30/2024 The {{c1::metatarsophalangeal (MTP)}} joints are formed by the {{c2::convex heads of the MT and the concave bases of the proximal phalanges::2}}
Published 07/30/2024 In the MTPJ, extension is more pronounced than flexion. {{c1::True::True/False}}
Published 07/30/2024 All MT heads except the 1st bear weight in stance. {{c1::False::True/False}}
Published 07/30/2024 The {{c1::1st}} MTPJ has {{c2::2::n}} sesamoid bones on its plantar aspect.
Published 07/30/2024 The sesamoid bones of the 1st MTPJ serve as anatomic pulleys for {{c1::flexor hallucis brevis (FHB)::muscle}}.
Published 07/30/2024 The {{c1::sesamoid bones of the 1st MTPJ}} protect the {{c2::flexor hallucis longus (FHL)}} tendon from WB trauma.
Published 07/30/2024 The plantar plates are found at the {{c1::base of the proximal phalanx (PP) of lesser toes (2nd to 5th toes)}}.
Published 07/30/2024 The {{c1::plantar plates}} serve as central stabilizing structure of MTP, protecting the WB surface of MT heads.
Published 07/30/2024 The MTPJ serves primarily to allow the WB foot to rotate over the toes through {{c1::MTPJ extension (metatarsal break)}}
Published 07/30/2024 MTP extension occurs around a single oblique axis that runs through the {{c1::2nd-5th MT heads}}.
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::Hammer toes}} is characterized by the excessive extension at MTPJ.
Published 07/30/2024 MTP {{c1::abduction/adduction::joint movement}} aid in absorbing some of the force during supination or pronation twist.
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::Hallux valgus}}, aka {{c1::bunions}}, refers to the increase in normal valgus angulation (15-19°) of 1st MTPJ.
Published 07/30/2024 The interphalangeal (IP) joints are {{c2::hinge}} joints with {{c1::1::n}} degree of freedom.
Published 07/30/2024 In contrast to the lesser toes, the hallux has {{c1::1::n}} IPJ.
Published 07/30/2024 IP joints smoothen the {{c1::weight shift}} to the opposite foot in gait.
Published 07/30/2024 IP joints help maintain stability by {{c1::pressing against the ground in standing}}.
Published 07/30/2024 3 Plantar arches{{c1::Medial longitudinal arch (MLA)Lateral longitudinal arch (LLA)Transverse arch}}
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::Plantar arches}} are usually NOT present at birth, and only evolve with progression of weightbearing.
Published 07/30/2024 The plantar arches would collapse without additional support from {{c1::ligaments and muscles::2}}.
Published 07/30/2024 The ankle mortise is made up of the {{c1::distal tibia and the medial and lateral malleoli::2}}.
Published 07/30/2024 Talar tilt is also known as {{c1::talar inversion/eversion}}.
Published 07/30/2024 In the 1st ray, dorsiflexion includes {{c1::inversion}} and {{c1::adduction}}.
Published 07/30/2024 In the 1st ray, plantarflexion includes {{c1::eversion}} and {{c1::abduction}}.
Published 07/30/2024 During supination twist, the {{c1::4th and 5th}} rays are {{c2::PF to maintain contact with ground}}.
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::Hallux rigidus}} is characterized by the limited extension at first MTPJ.
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