Notes in 06ControlOfMicroorganisms

To Subscribe, use this Key

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Sterilization}} is the destruction of all forms of life, including bacterial spores.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Disinfection}} is a process that eliminates a defined scope of microorganisms, including some spores.
Published	07/30/2024	Disinfectants are usually used on {{c1::inanimate objects}} while antiseptics are used on the {{c1::skin}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Antiseptics can kill spores.{{c1::F::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Prions}} are the most resistant organisms to sterilization.
Published	07/30/2024	Spores can usually be killed in an autoclave. {{c1::T::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Lipid viruses}} are the most susceptible organisms to sterilization.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Contaminated::Microbial Load/Bioburden}}: bacteria is present but there is no documented proliferation
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Colonized::Microbial Load/Bioburden}}: no host response elicited
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Critically colonized::Microbial Load/Bioburden}}: host response is overcome by bacterial proliferation
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Infected::Microbial Load/Bioburden}}: expanding bacterial quantity with host response
Published	07/30/2024	[VR](1) microbial load (2) exposure time{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Using a higher concentration of the disinfecting agent is always beneficial.{{c1::F::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	Organic material such as blood, mucus, and pus coats the surface to be treated which prevents {{c1::full contact}} between the object and the ste…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Contact time}} refers to the amount of time that a disinfectant or sterilant is in contact with the object.
Published	07/30/2024	Activity of the disinfecting/sterilizing agent is increased by an {{c1::increase::increase/decrease}} in temperature.
Published	07/30/2024	Disinfectants/sterilants are usually used at low temperatures.{{c1::F::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	Sterilants/disinfectants usually have a prescribed working pH. {{c1::T::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC]contact time needed in disinfecting (1) objects without biofilms (2) objects with biofilms{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Using two or more disinfectants is more effective than using only one. {{c1::F::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	Spaulding Classification of Medical Devices {{c1::Critical}} materials are those that invade sterile tissue or enter through the IV route and hav…
Published	07/30/2024	Spaulding Classification of Medical Devices {{c1::Semicritical}} materials contact mucous membranes or non-intact skin.
Published	07/30/2024	Spaulding Classification of Medical Devices {{c1::Noncritical}} materials come in contact with intact skin but not mucous membranes.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Heat}} is the most common method used for the elimination of microorganisms.
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::autoclave}} is the sterilization method of choice for {{c2::heat-stable}} objects.
Published	07/30/2024	[QC]exposure times when sterilizing with(1) moist heat (2) dry heat{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Dry heat/Oven}} is used to sterilize heat-stable substances that are not penetrated by moist heat (oils).
Published	07/30/2024	Boiling and pasteurization are methods of {{c1::disinfection::disinfection/sterilization}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pasteurization}} eliminates food-borne pathogens and organisms responsible for food spoilage with the following conditions: {{c2::63°C for …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Chemical::Chemical/Physical}} methods are mainly used as disinfectants.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Chemosterilizers}} are chemical agents that can sterilize.
Published	07/30/2024	The use of {{c1::formaldehyde/formalin}} as a disinfectant/sterilant is limited by its irritability factor and its potential carcinogenicity.
Published	07/30/2024	When glutaraldehyde is used as a {{c1::2%::concentration}} solution, it is germicidal in {{c2::10 minutes::time}} and sporicidal in {{c…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Glutaraldehyde}} is the sterilant of choice for medical equimpment that is not heat-stable and cannot be autoclaved as well as for material that…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Glutaraldehyde}} works as a sterilant/disinfectant by inactivating DNA and RNA through alkylation of sulfhydryl and amino groups.
Published	07/30/2024	Glutaraldehyde is bactericidal, pseudomonacidal, fungicidal, and virucidal (HIV, HBV) with a minimum of {{c1::10 minutes::time}} exposure at a te…
Published	07/30/2024	Iodine tincture is used mainly as an {{c1::antiseptic}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Iodophor}} is a combination of iodine and a neutral polymer carrier that increases the solubility of the agent and allows slow release of iodine…
Published	07/30/2024	As a disinfectant, chlorine is used in the form of {{c1::hypochlorite}}.
Published	07/30/2024	As a disinfectant, {{c2::chlorine}} works through the oxidative effects of {{c1::hypochlorous acid}}, which is formed when chloride ions dissolve…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::0.5%-1%::concentration}} sodium hypochlorite is generally used for disinfecting, with a contact time of {{c1::at least 3 mins}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Quaternary ammonium compounds (QUATS)}} work by disrupting cellular membranes, leading to leakage of cell contents.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pseudomonas aeruginosa}} is resistant to QUATS.
Published	07/30/2024	QUATS are tuberculocidal but not sporicidal.{{c1::F::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ethylene oxide}} is the gas most commonly used for sterilization whose recommended concentrations are {{c2::450-700 mg/liter of chamber spa…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ethylene oxide}} works via alkylation of nucleic acids in the spore and vegetative cell.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ethylene oxide}} is used on instruments that are not ideal for steam sterilization.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hydrogen peroxide}} is a sterilant that is active against all vegetative microorganisms and bacterial and fungal spores.
Published	07/30/2024	The maximum bactericidal activity of ultraviolet radiation is at {{c1::240-280 nm}} wavelength.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ultraviolet radiation}} works via destruction of nucleic acid through induction of thymine dimers.
Published	07/30/2024	Ultraviolet radiation mostly works on {{c1::bacteria}} and {{c1::viruses}} but have no activity against {{c1::spores}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Precautions}} are specific procedures intended to minimize the risk of transmitting infectious organisms.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Standard}} precautions are the minimum set of procedures to be used with all patients.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Universal/Standard}} Precautions include: - {{c2::hand hygiene}}- {{c2::personal protective equipment}}- {{c2::respiratory h…
Published	07/30/2024	Categories of Transmission-Based Precautions:- {{c1::Contact Precautions}}- {{c1::Droplet Precautions}}- {{c1::Airborne Precautions}}
Published	07/30/2024	Types of Precaution/s Needed for COVID-19:- {{c1::contact, droplet, and airborne precautions}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Contact}} precautions are for infections spread through direct or indirect contact.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Droplet}} precautions are for close respiratory or mucus membrane contct with respiratory secretions.
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the precaution/s used for the following:  Microorganism/DiseasePrecaution/s UsedInfluenza{{c1::droplet precautions}}…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Airborne}} precautions are used for patients known or suspected to be infected with pathogens transmitted by the airborne route.
Published	07/30/2024	The levels of biosafety are categorized based on the following determinants of levels of containment:- {{c1::infectivity}}- {{c1::severity of disease}…
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the biosafety levels of the following: Microorganism/DiseaseBiosafety LevelEbola virus{{c1::BSL-4}}HIV{{c2::BSL-2}}Mar…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::BSL-1::Biosafety Level}}Description:- no containment- defined organisms unlikely to cause disease (not consistent)
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::BSL-2::Biosafety Level}}Description:- containment- moderate risk for infection- disease of varying severity
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::BSL-3::Biosafety Level}}Description:- high containment- aerosol transmission- serious/potentially lethal disease
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::BSL-4::Biosafety Level}}Description:- maximum containment- "exotic", high-risk agents, life threatening disease
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::BSL-1::Biosafety Level}}Pathogen Type: - agents that present minimal potential hazard to personnel and environment
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::BSL-2::Biosafety Level}}Pathogen Type: - Agents associated with human disease and pose moderate hazards to personnel and…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::BSL-3::Biosafety Level}}Pathogen Type: - Indigenous or exotic agents, agents that present a potential for aerosol transm…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::BSL-4::Biosafety Level}}Pathogen Type: - Dangerous and exotic agents that pose a high risk of aerosol-transmitted labora…
Published	07/30/2024	Autoclave requirements for {{c1::BSL-1::BioSafety Level}} and {{c1::BSL-2::BioSafety Level}}: {{c2::none}}
Published	07/30/2024	Autoclave requirements for {{c1::BSL-3::BioSafety Level}} and {{c1::BSL-4::BioSafety Level}}: {{c2::pass-thru autoclave with bioseal re…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::BSL-1::Biosafety Level}}Requirements in the Laboratory: - a simple sink and doors to separate working spaces in the labo…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::BSL-2::Biosafety Level}}Requirements in the Laboratory: - access is restricted in the laboratory when work is conducted-…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::BSL-3::Biosafety Level}}Requirements in the Laboratory: -use of PPE, respirators, biosafety cabinet- air in the lab shou…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::BSL-4::Biosafety Level}}Requirements in the Laboratory: - change of clothing before entering the laboratory, then shower…
Published	07/30/2024	Conditions for using boiling water as a disinfecting/sterilizing agent:- {{c1::100°C::temperature}}- {{c1::15 minutes::time}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Filtration::disinfecting/sterilizing agent}} is used for liquids such as heat-sensitive solution (e.g. parenteral solutions, vaccines, antibioti…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::HEPA filters}} are used to filter particles in air that are {{c2::>3 micrometers}} in size. They are used in laboratory hoods and rooms of im…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::ULPA filters}} are are used to filter particles in air that are {{c2::>up to 1.2 micrometers}} in size.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ionizing}} radiation has {{c2::short::short/long}} wavelength and {{c2::high::low/high}} energy (e.g. gamma rays, electron beams) and is used on…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Nonionizing}} radiation has {{c2::long::short/long}} wavelength and {{c2::low::low/high}} energy (e.g. gamma rays, electron beams) and its use i…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ethyl and Isopropyl alcohols}} are the most commonly used alcohols for disinfection.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Alcohols::disinfectant}} have in vitro bactericidal activity against most gram-positive and gram-onegative bacteria, M. tuberculosis, various fu…
Published	07/30/2024	Alcohols should be used at a concentration of {{c1::60-90%}}.
Status	Last Update	Fields