Notes in 35 Anesthesia for Patients with Endocrine Disease

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Published	12/13/2023	Protamine is contraindicated in patients who are allergic to {{c1::NPH}} insulin.
Published	12/13/2023	For patients with hyperthyroidism, elective surgeries should be postponed until a {{c1::euthyroid}} state is reached.
Published	12/13/2023	The exophthalmos of Graves disease increases the risk of {{c1::corneal abrasion}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What is the likely diagnosis in a patient that develops post-operative high fever, tachycardia, hypertension, and&n…
Published	12/13/2023	Thyroidectomies can injure the {{c2::recurrent laryngeal}} nerve, resulting in {{c1::hoarseness}} (unilateral) or {{c1::stridor}}&…
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Hematoma}} formation after thyroidectomy may cause airway compromise from collapse of the trachea
Published	12/13/2023	Chronic steroid use can cause {{c1::Cushing's}} syndrome and suppression of the {{c2::HPA axis}}.
Published	12/13/2023	In a patient with pheochromocytoma, preoperative α-adrenergic blockade with {{c1::phenoxybenzamine::drug}} helps correct hypertension.
Published	12/13/2023	In a patient with pheochromocytoma, {{c1::α}} blockade must occur before {{c1::β}} blockade.
Published	12/13/2023	Phentolamine is a {{c1::short}}-acting, {{c2::non-selective::selective/non-selective}}, {{c3::competitive::competitive/noncompetitive}} antagonist of …
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Water}}-soluble drugs are typically dosed on {{c1::ideal}} body weight.
Published	12/13/2023	In obese patients, the head of bed should be at least {{c1::30}} degrees during induction and postoperatively.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Histamine}}-releasing drugs should be avoided in patients with carcinoid syndrome.
Published	12/13/2023	What drug should be administered prior to beta-blockers in patients with pheochromocytoma?{{c1::Phenoxybenzamine}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the screening test for pheochromocytoma?{{c1:: Plasma fractionated metanephrine assay}}
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Lipid}}-soluble drugs are typically dosed on {{c1::total}} body weight.
Published	12/13/2023	The adrenal {{c2::cortex}} secretes {{c1::mineralocorticoids}}, {{c1::glucocorticoids}}, and {{c1::androgens}}.
Published	12/13/2023	BMI is calculated as {{c1::weight (kg) / (height (m))2}}
Published	12/13/2023	Ideal body weight for men = height (cm) - {{c1::100}}
Published	12/13/2023	Ideal body weight for women = height (cm) - {{c1::105}}
Published	12/13/2023	Lean body weight = {{c1::IBW x 1.3}}
Published	12/13/2023	A normal BMI is between {{c1::18.5}} and {{c1::24.9}}
Published	12/13/2023	A overweight BMI is between {{c1::25}} and {{c1::29.9}}
Published	12/13/2023	A obese (class I + II) BMI is between {{c1::30}} and {{c1::39.9}}
Published	12/13/2023	A morbidly obese BMI is > {{c1::40}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Adipose tissue is a {{c1::endocrine}} organ.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Apple}}-shaped obesity is correlated with higher risk of comorbidities because of metabolically active fat repositories.
Published	12/13/2023	Central obesity is defined as a waist/hip ratio > {{c1::0.85}} in men.
Published	12/13/2023	Central obesity is defined as a waist/hip ratio > {{c1::0.92}} in women.
Published	12/13/2023	Peripheral gynecoid obesity is defined as a waist/hip ratio < {{c1::0.76}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Central obesity is defined as a waist circumference > {{c1::102}} cm in men.
Published	12/13/2023	Central obesity is defined as a waist circumference > {{c1::88}} cm in women.
Published	12/13/2023	In {{c1::android}} fat distribution, the adipose tissue release {{c3::free fatty acids}}, which stimulates hepatic synthesis of {{c2::VLDL}} and {{c2:…
Published	12/13/2023	Hepatic exposure to elevated free fatty acids increases {{c1::gluconeogenesis}} and inhibits {{c2::insulin}} uptake.
Published	12/13/2023	Obese patients have increased cardiac output by increasing the {{c1::stroke volume}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Obese patients have a increased blood volume, which results in cardiac {{c1::dilatation}} and {{c1::hypertrophy}}.
Published	12/13/2023	In obese patients, concomitant increases in blood viscosity, hyperinsulinemia, and elevated mineralocorticoids causes {{c1::hypertension}}.
Published	12/13/2023	In obese patients, hypoxemia, sleep apnea, and cardiac remodelling increases the risk for {{c1::arrhythmias}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Restrictive lung diseases are characterized by a {{c1::decreased}} lung compliance.
Published	12/13/2023	A {{c1::recruitment}} maneuver can prevent or reverse atelectasis in a ventilated obese patient.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::CPAP}} can be used post-extubation to prevent atelectasis.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Obstructive sleep apnea}} is characterized by apnea > 10 seconds or hypopnea during sleep caused by upper airway obstruction.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Hypopnea}} is defined as a {{c2::50}}% reduction in airflow for {{c2::10}} seconds, > {{c2::15}} times per hour.
Published	12/13/2023	Obstructive sleep apnea is diagnosed by polysomnography using the {{c1::apnea-hypopnea index (AHI)}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Obesity hypoventilation}} syndrome is a condition in which severely overweight people fail to breathe rapidly or deeply…
Published	12/13/2023	Obesity hypoventilation (Pickwickian) syndrome is a condition characterized by {{c1::daytime hypersomnolence}}.
Published	12/13/2023	In extreme cases of obesity hypoventilation (Pickwickian) syndrome, patients develop nocturnal episodes of {{c1::central apnea}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Patients with central obesity may have a constellation of liver abnormalities referred to as {{c1::nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Obese patients have an imbalance in the relative concentrations of bile salts, lecithin, and cholesterol, which predisposes them to the development of…
Published	12/13/2023	Obese patients have {{c1::decreased}} total body water.
Published	12/13/2023	Obese patients have altered pharmacokinetics/dynamics due to {{c1::increases}} in the volume of distribution of lipid soluble drugs.&nb…
Published	12/13/2023	Obese patients have altered pharmacokinetics/dynamics due to alterations in {{c1::plasma protein binding}}.
Published	12/13/2023	In patients with morbid obesity, maintenance doses of propofol should be dosed on {{c1::total}} body weight.
Published	12/13/2023	The two mechanisms of bariatric surgeries are {{c1::restrictive}} and {{c1::malabsorptive}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Patients with peripheral gynecoid obesity are more likely to develop {{c1::joint disease}} and {{c2::varicose veins}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What intra-operative complications should be expected after removal of a pheochromocytoma?{{c1::Hypotension}} and {{c1::hypoglycemia}}
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