Notes in Cell Structure and Organelles

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Published	09/03/2024	92264805d39747f7af0cb0e5d084fc1d-ao-1
Published	09/03/2024	92264805d39747f7af0cb0e5d084fc1d-ao-2
Published	09/03/2024	92264805d39747f7af0cb0e5d084fc1d-ao-3
Published	09/03/2024	92264805d39747f7af0cb0e5d084fc1d-ao-4
Published	09/03/2024	92264805d39747f7af0cb0e5d084fc1d-ao-5
Published	09/03/2024	92264805d39747f7af0cb0e5d084fc1d-ao-6
Published	09/03/2024	92264805d39747f7af0cb0e5d084fc1d-ao-7
Published	09/03/2024	92264805d39747f7af0cb0e5d084fc1d-ao-8
Published	09/03/2024	The plasma cell membrane is {{c3::semipermeable}} and is made up of phospholipid molecules in a {{c1::lipid bilayer}} with the {{c2::tail being hydrop…
Published	09/03/2024	the {{c1::cytoskeleton}} supports cell shape with filaments
Published	09/03/2024	the {{c1::nucleus}} contains chromosomes and most of the RNA synthesized
Published	09/03/2024	the {{c1::nucleolus}} is where ribosomal RNA is synthesized and ribosomes are assembled
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::lysosomes}} digest and recycle macromolecules
Published	09/03/2024	the {{c1::golgi apparatus}} is part of the endomembrane system and packages proteins into membrane-bound vesicles
Published	09/03/2024	the {{c1::rough ER}} is given its rough shape from bound ribosomes and transports proteins to proper destinations
Published	09/03/2024	the {{c1::smooth ER}} is used in lipid synthesis and to detoxify drugs
Published	09/03/2024	the {{c1::sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)}} is the specialized endoplasmic reticulum for storing calcium
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::peroxisomes}} oxidate specific biomolecules
Published	09/03/2024	the {{c1::mitochondria}} is used for ATP synthesis and is the powerhouse of the cell
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::proteosomes}} degrade proteins
Published	09/03/2024	what are the 5 membranous organelles:{{c1::}}
Published	09/03/2024	what are the 7 nonmembranous organelles: {{c1::}}
Published	09/03/2024	impt point of confusion: protein synthesis is done in the cytoplasm by ribosomes, BUT is {{c1::injected into the RER while being synthesized}}. the RE…
Published	09/03/2024	fluid mosiac of lipid bilayer:- integral proteins are tightly bound - extrinsic proteins exist and are peripheral- lipids can {{c4::flip flop}}- …
Published	09/03/2024	Prokaryote characteristics: x4{{c1::- lack a true nuclues and membrane bound organelles- smaller- cell wall- simple DNA floating in cytosol- ex) bacte…
Published	09/03/2024	Eukaryote characteristics: x3{{c1::- defined nucleus and membrance bound organelles with cellular functions- larger- more complex DNA packaging- ex) h…
Published	09/03/2024	the three membrane receptor domains are {{c1::extracellular, transmembrane, cytoplasmic}}
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::extracellular domain receptors}} are located outside the cell and extend into the extracellular space. they initiate {{c2::signaling cascades wi…
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::transmembrane domain receptors}} span the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane so they are {{c3::hydrophobic}}. Usually {{c2::alpha-helical}} in s…
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::cytoplasmic domain receptors}} are inside the cell and are involved in the activation of intracellular signaling pathways
Published	09/03/2024	the {{c1::heart}} has the most mitochondria
Published	09/03/2024	the most abundant protein in the body is {{c1::collagen}}
Published	09/03/2024	three components of the extracellular matrix:{{c1::}}
Published	09/03/2024	adhesive proteins (ex. {{c1::integrin and cadherin}}) are used to {{c2::anchor and link}}
Published	09/03/2024	structural and fibrous proteins:- collagen: {{c1::firmness and resistance}}- elastin: {{c2::stretch and retain shape}}- keratin: {{c3::hair and nails}…
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::proteoglycans}} keep cells hydrated and cushioned
Published	09/03/2024	4 types of collagen and functions:{{c1::}}
Published	09/03/2024	collagen is rich in {{c1::hydroxylated proline and lysine}}. {{c2::Vitamin C}} is required for hydroxylation and a deficiency and lead to {{c3::scurvy…
Published	09/03/2024	describe the compositional difference between collagen and elastin{{c1::collagen looks braided with limited stretch while elastin has cross link bonds…
Published	09/03/2024	elastin has {{c1::fibrillin scaffolding}} found in skin, lungs, large arteries, elastic ligaments, vocal chords, epiglottic, and ligamentum falvum. de…
Published	09/03/2024	elastin is degraded by {{c1::elastase}} which is inhibited by {{c2::alpha1-antitrypsin}}. defficiency of antitrypsin causes {{c3::respiratory problems…
Published	09/03/2024	6 post-translational modifications: {{c1::}}
Published	09/03/2024	phosphorylation:{{c1::- one of the most common modifications- kinase adds on phosphate group- phosphatase removes phosphate group}}
Published	09/03/2024	describe acetylation and deacetylation:{{c1::- important in chromatin structure by adding/removing an acetyl group}}
Published	09/03/2024	describe methylation and demethylation:{{c1::- important in chromatin structure by activation and deactivating a substrate}}
Published	09/03/2024	for the activation of blood coagulation factors, {{c1::Vitamin K}} is required to modfiy a molecule with CO2 to create a binding spot for {{c2::Ca 2+}…
Published	09/03/2024	Simple diffusion is x3 {{c1::not carrier mediated, passive (no energy), and always down an electrochemical gradient.}} {{c2::Oxygen and carbon dioxide…
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Glucose}} enters into cells through a transport carrier by facilitated diffusion x3 ({{c2::downhill, passive, carrier-mediated)}}
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::primary active transport}} requires energy usage from ATP and goes uphill. three common examples are {{c2::sodium potassium pump, calcium pump, …
Published	09/03/2024	a type of secondary active transport mechanism is {{c1::cotransport}} where two substances are transported in the same direction. one substance moves …
Published	09/03/2024	a type of secondary active transport mechanism is {{c1::counter transport/antiporter}} where two substances are moved in {{c2::opposite}} directions. …
Published	09/03/2024	exocytosis is leaving the cell. 3 examples: {{c2::}}
Published	09/03/2024	endocytosis is entering the cell. 3 examples: {{c1::}}
Published	09/03/2024	describe permeabilty through the lipid bilayer by molecule type:{{c1::}}
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