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12.1 Hematopoiesis & Cells of the Immune System
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Published
10/29/2024
Cells of the immune systemCell Types •{{c1::White blood cells}} •{{c1::Leukocytes}} {{c1::Leuk…
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HematopoiesisStarts from a single cell •{{c1::Hematopoietic stem cell}} •{{c1::Plu…
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Common {{c1::Myeloid}} progenitor: cells of {{c2::innate}} immune system: {{c3::Neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells,…
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Generation of innate immune cellsCommon Myeloid progenitorEnd goal is to generate: {{c1::Erythroid}} progenitor 1.{{c2::Erythrocytes}} 2.{{c2::Pl…
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Granulocytes•Have varying shapes of nucleus •{{c1::Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)}} •{{c2::Neutrophils}…
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NeutrophilsKilling mechanisms 1.{{c1::Phagolysosome}} formation •Killing by antimicrobial mechanisms &nb…
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Stages of phagocytosis: 1.{{c1::Adherence of a microbe to a phagocyte.}} 2.{{c1::Ingestion of a microbe by phagocyte.}}3.{{c1::Formation of a phagosom…
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What happens when a pathogen that has catalase activity infects neutrophils?Staphylococci, Pseudomonas, Aspergillus, Candida etc. {{c1::Hy…
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NeutrophilsKilling mechanisms 2.{{c1::Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET)}} Networks of extracellular fibers primarily comp…
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Neutrophils•Neutrophils are the {{c1::first responders}} to the area of infection •They are {{c2::short}}-lived and die at the site of infection,…
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Eosinophils•Bind to {{c1::acidic}} dyes such as {{c1::eosin}} •Second most abundant granulocytes in blood •Produced in the {{c1::bone marrow}} an…
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Basophils•Bind to {{c1::basic}} dyes •Make up less than 1% of blood leukocytes •Produced in the {{c2::bone marrow}} and circulate in blood, from …
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Mast Cells•Granules contain {{c1::histamines}} •Play a role in {{c2::allergy}} •Very similar to {{c3::basophils}} •Not closely related to develop…
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Common Myeloid ProgenitorGranulocyte/Monocyte Progenitor •Granulocytes and monocytes Monocytes •{{c1::Agr…
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Macrophages•Meaning - large phagocyte •Large, irregularly shaped cells characterized by an extensive {{c1::cytoplasm}} with numerous {{c1::vacuoles}},…
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MacrophagesFunctions 1. {{c1::Phagocytosis}} and killing ingested microbes 2.Ingest {{c1::necrotic}} host cells, including cells t…
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Cytokines activate both {{c1::innate}} AND {{c1::adaptive}} immune cellsHow do cytokines work?•Cytokine binds to the {{c2::cell surface…
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Dendritic Cells•Develop from {{c1::monocytes}} •Presence of {{c1::dendrites (hence the name)}} •Tissue {{c1::resident}} and {{c1::…
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How do phagocytes recognize the threat and amplify the signal?Phagocytic receptors on a typical phagocyte: {{c1::Complement, Fc receptors, scavenger r…
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How do phagocytes recognize the threat and amplify the signal?Activation receptors on a typical phagocyte activate other cells via cellular signaling:…
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How do phagocytes present antigens?MHC molecules are involved in antigen presentationMHC I – Expressed on {{c1::all nucleated cells}} – Presents antig…
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Common Lymphoid progenitor: cells of the adaptive immune system: {{c1::B and T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK)}} cells
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Helper T cells•{{c1::Cytokine and chemokine}} release •Activation of {{c1::macrophages}} and other {{c1::phagocytes}} •Stimulation of{{…
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Cytotoxic T cells•Aka {{c1::Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTLs)}}, {{c1::Killer}} T cells, {{c1::CD8}} T cells •Receive signals from the {{c1::helper …
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How do B and T cells recognize antigens?•Phagocytes use {{c1::phagocytic receptors and TLRs or NLRs}} •B cells use {{c1::B cell receptor (BCR)}} •T c…
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Regulatory T cells (Tregs)•{{c1::Suppress}} the immune response •Produce {{c1::anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-10 and TGFβ}}These cells are helpf…
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Natural killer (NK) cells•Generated from common {{c1::lymphoid}} progenitor •Circulate in blood and reside in some tissues •{{c1::Kill}}&nbs…
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