Notes in 16NeuroDiseases

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	07/30/2024	CSF normal pressure: {{c1::50-175}} mm H2O
Published	07/30/2024	CNS receives {{c1::800}} mL of blood flow/min
Published	07/30/2024	The level of {{c1::consciousness}} is the most sensitive indicator of the neurologic status of the patient
Published	07/30/2024	The highest level of consciousness would be a consciousness level of {{c1::1}} while a light/deep coma would be level {{c1::4}}
Published	07/30/2024	The highest score on the glasgow coma scale would be {{c1::15}} indicating healthy neurologic status while the lowest is {{c1::3}} indicating a coma
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Brudzinski’s}} Sign - Flexion of the head causes flexion of both thighs to the hip and knee flexion
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Kernig’s}} Sign - Flexion of the thigh and knee to right angles and when extended causes spasm and pain of hamstring muscles
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. ICP 2. Cerebral perfusion{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Headaches due to ICP are worse in the {{c1::morning::morning/night}}
Published	07/30/2024	Lesions on the {{c1::internal capsule or cerebral hemispheres}} may cause {{c2::decorticate}} posturing.This causes the arms and wrists to {{c3::flex:…
Published	07/30/2024	Lesions on the {{c1::midbrain}} may cause {{c2::decerebrate}} posturing.This causes the arms and wrists to {{c3::extend::flex/extend}} and {{c3::exter…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Epilepsy}} is a condition in which a person has spontaneous recurring seizures caused by a chronic underlying condition
Published	07/30/2024	Seizures from infection and genetics are more common in ages {{c1::<20}} y/oSeizures from structural lesions are more common in ages {{c1::20-30}} …
Published	07/30/2024	All forms and combinations of clonic, atonic, tonic, and absence seizures are usually categorized as {{c1::generalized (nonfocal)}} seizures
Published	07/30/2024	Seizures that have no impairment of consciousness but with motor, sensory, autonomic, and psychic symptoms are usually categorized as {{c1::simple par…
Published	07/30/2024	simple partial seizures with impaired consciousness are usually categorized as {{c1::complex partial (focal)}} seizures. impairment occur with {{c1::a…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Grand Mal}} is the most common seizure preceded by an {{c2::aura}} and has a tonic-clonic and post-ictal phase. Patient has a sense of impending…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Petit Mal (absence)}} seizures have no aura nor tonic-clonic movements and are characterized by blank facial expressions
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Jacksonian}} seizures have an aura, tonic-clonic movements, and behavioral/mood changes (psychiatric component)
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Psychomotor}} seizures have an aura, cause mental clouding, confusion, and amnesia and physical activity while unconscious. Violent/Antisocial a…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Febrile}} seizures are common among children under 5yo when temperature is rising and is associated with {{c2::typhoid::disease}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Status Epilepticus}} seizures occur in rapid succession and full consciousness is not regained between seizures. Patient is in a coma for 12-24 …
Published	07/30/2024	[Phases of a Seizure]Produces aura (sensory signals). Flash of light, mood or behavior changes. Sudden sensation of smell or taste{{c1::Prod…
Published	07/30/2024	[Phases of a Seizure]Seizure itself{{c1::Ictal}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Phases of a Seizure]arching of the back, hyperextended{{c1::Tonic}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Phases of a Seizure]Flexion of the back and extension of arms outward{{c1::Clonic}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Cerebrovascular accidents 1. Ischemic 2. Hemorrhagic{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cerebral anoxia lasting more than {{c1::10}} mins causes cerebral infarction with irreversible damage
Published	07/30/2024	Lumbar punctures should be done carefully lest they cause {{c1::uncal herniation}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Patients with valvular problems 1. Occlusive stroke 2. Thrombotic Ischemic Cerebrovascular accident 3. Hemorrhagic Stroke{{c1::2. READ EXTRA}}
Published	07/30/2024	Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) last {{c1::less than a day}} with complete return to normal function
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Agnosia}} is the inability to recognize an object by sight, touch, or hearing
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Apraxia}} is the inability to carry out learned sequential movements on command
Published	07/30/2024	Just read how to manage strokes. Pretty easy tbh{{c1::>:)}}
Published	07/30/2024	You just gotta know this, df idk WHY they're trying to make us memorize this because in the first place,,, kaya nga siya scale so that you can refer t…
Published	07/30/2024	Death may occur at 3 points in time after a head injury:{{c1::immediatelywithin 2 hours (increased ICP)~3 weeks (metabolic or embolus)}}
Published	07/30/2024	A GCS of at least {{c1::8-9}} after a head injury predicts a 90% survival rate
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Severity 1. Diffuse concussion 2. Diffuse axonal injury (DAI){{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Important manifestation to be checked in case of severe head injury: {{c1::racoon eyes}}
Published	07/30/2024	The initial spinal injury may manifest into either...{{c1::Neurogenic shock or spinal shock::2}}
Published	07/30/2024	The loss of vasomotor tone (loss of SNS) especially in C5-T2 injuries after an initial spinal injury is called {{c1::neurogenic shock}}
Published	07/30/2024	The areflexia/hyporeflexia, loss of sensation, bradycardia, hypotension, and flaccid paralysis below the level of injury after an initial spinal injur…
Published	07/30/2024	If a spinal injury leads to fatal tetraplegia, respiratory muscle paralysis, and bowel/bladder {{c1::retention::retention/incontinence}}, it could be …
Published	07/30/2024	If a spinal injury leads to paraplegia, {{c1::erec::erec/ejacula}}tion but w/o {{c1::ejacula::erec/ejacula}}tion, and bowel/bladder {{c1::retenti…
Published	07/30/2024	If a spinal injury leads to no erection nor ejaculation, and bowel/bladder {{c1::incontinence::retention/incontinence}}, it could be a {{c1::sacral::c…
Published	07/30/2024	Spinal injuries to the {{c1::cervical and lumbar}} regions are the most common
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Central Cord Syndrome::Nervous Syndrome}} - Motor weakness and sensory loss present in both upper extremities due to an issue in the cervic…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Anterior Cord Syndrome::Nervous Syndrome}} - Damage to the anterior spinal artery that results from compromised blood flow.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Brown-Sequard Syndrome::Nervous Syndrome}} - Damage to half of the spinal cord from penetrating injury. Loss of motor function and pos…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Posterior Cord Syndrome::Nervous Syndrome}} - Results from compression or damage to the posterior spinal artery. Dorsal columns are damaged…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Conus Medullaris Syndrome or Cauda Equina Syndrome::Nervous Syndrome}} - Results from compression or damage to the lower parts of the spinal cor…
Published	07/30/2024	A spinal injury above {{c1::C4}} will result in total loss of respiratory musclesA spinal injury below {{c1::C4}} will result in diaphragmatic breathi…
Published	07/30/2024	Right after spinal shock, the bladder will be {{c1::atonic::atonic/hyperirritable}}In the post acute phase, the bladder will be {{c1::hyperirritable::…
Published	07/30/2024	Spinal injuries above {{c1::T5}} may cause hypomotilty, paralytic ileus and gastric distention
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Methylprednisolone (steroid)}} is usually used to improve blood flow and reduce edema during a spinal injury
Published	07/30/2024	The second stage of spinal cord injury is {{c1::autonomic dysreflexia}} which occurs in patients with cord lesions above {{c2::T6}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::A (Complete)::American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale Grade}} - No motor or sensory function is preserved in the sacral segment…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::B (Incomplete)::American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale Grade}} - Sensory but NOT motor function is preserved below the neurolo…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::C (Incomplete)::American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale Grade}} - Motor function is preserved below the neurologic level, and m…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::D (Incomplete)::American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale Grade}} - Motor function is preserved below the neurologic level, and a…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::E (Normal)::American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale Grade}} - Motor and sensory function are normal
Published	07/30/2024	Do brain tumors metastasize outside the brain?{{c1::N. Possible but rare}}
Published	07/30/2024	Primary brain tumors usually originate in {{c1::astrocytes::nerve cell}}
Published	07/30/2024	Secondary brain tumors usually originate from the {{c1::breast, colon, lungs::3 organs}}
Published	07/30/2024	A brain tumor in the {{c1::frontal lobe}} may manifest with personality disturbances
Published	07/30/2024	A brain tumor in the {{c1::Precentral gyrus (PCG)}} may manifest with Jacksonian seizures
Published	07/30/2024	A brain tumor in the {{c1::Occipital lobe}} may manifest with visual disturbances preceding convulsions
Published	07/30/2024	A brain tumor in the {{c1::Temporal lobe}} may manifest with olfactory, visual, or gustatory hallucinations
Published	07/30/2024	A brain tumor in the {{c1::Parietal lobe}} may manifest with inability to replicate pictures and loss of right-left discrimination
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::CT scan::Diagnostic Test}} - The preferred test for brain tumors
Published	07/30/2024	Secondary spinal cord tumors may arise from cancer from the {{c1::breast, thyroid, lungs, kidneys::4 organs}}
Published	07/30/2024	Is complete functional restoration possible with treatment of a spinal cord tumor?{{c1::Y. Removal does not cause auto-destruction::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	Most extradural spinal cord tumors are metastatic from the {{c1::vertebral body::organ}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Extradural}} spinal cord tumors are outside the dura mater and anterior to the cord
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Subdural}} spinal cord tumors involve a portion of the cord; lateral
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Intradural (intramedullary)}} spinal cord tumors are in the dura mater and beside the spinal cord
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Intradural (extramedullary)}} spinal cord tumors are in the dura mater, outside the vertebral body, and near the spinal nerves
Published	07/30/2024	The most common symptom of spinal cord tumors is {{c1::back pain}}
Published	07/30/2024	Sensory and Motor disturbances due to spinal cord tumors are {{c1::ipsi::ispi/contra}}lateral to the lesion
Published	07/30/2024	Meningitis refers specifically to infection of the {{c1::arachnoid matter and CSF}}
Published	07/30/2024	Initial manifestations of meningitis start with fever and headache...Later manifestations include {{c1::nuchal rigidity and photophobia::2}}
Published	07/30/2024	3 signs that you can elicit when you have meningitis:{{c1::Babinski SignKernig’s SignBrudzinski’s sign}}
Published	07/30/2024	The worst complication of meningitis is {{c1::hydrocephalus}}
Published	07/30/2024	TB meningitis is treated with Anti-TB medications and {{c1::steroids}}
Published	07/30/2024	The most common organisms that cause brain abscesses are {{c1::Streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::frontal}} lobe is the most common site of brain abscess
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Corticosteroids::drug}} are indicated to decompress the brain and mitigate the increased ICP for encephalitis and meningitis
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::HSV-1}} is the most common cause of acute encephalitis
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::temporal}} lobe is the most common site of encephalitis
Published	07/30/2024	Aside from steroids, {{c1::mannitol}} helps with decompression for encephalitis
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Multiple Sclerosis}} - Chronic, degenerative, irreversible disseminated demyelination and gliosis of nerve fibers of the brain and spinal c…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::optic}} nerve is the most commonly affected cranial nerve in MS
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Lhermitte's}} sign is pathogonomic in patients with MS
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Lhermitte's}} sign - Electric shock radiating down the spine/limbs with flexion of the neck
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Steroids}} are given in patients with MS to prevent edema at sclerotic plaques. It is also the most effective treatment for acute exacerbations.
Published	07/30/2024	Vitamin {{c1::B}} may be given for patients with MS
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Myasthenia Gravis}} - Acetylcholine receptors are destroyed due to an overactive thymus gland or thymoma characterized by remissions and ex…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ptosis}} is the most obvious manifestation of myasthenia gravis
Published	07/30/2024	Patients with myasthenia gravis may undergo {{c1::thymectomy::surgery}}
Published	07/30/2024	Pharmaceutical agents for myasthenia gravis include {{c1::neostigmine, pyridostigmine, glucocorticoids, and antacids::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Guillan-Barre Syndrome or infectious/postinfectious polyneuritis}} - An autoimmune attack of the peripheral nerve myelin characterized by a…
Published	07/30/2024	Treatment for Guillan-Barre Syndrome include {{c1::plasmapharesis, IVIG, antibiotics::3}}, and monitoring
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Trigeminal Neuralgia or Tic Douloureux}} - A condition of the 5th cranial nerve characterized by unilateral paroxysms of pain in the area innerv…
Published	07/30/2024	Trigeminal Neuralgia or Tic Douloureux is caused by the compression of the {{c1::superior cerebellar}} artery causing chronic irritation of the CN V a…
Published	07/30/2024	Major risk factors for trigeminal neuralgia include:{{c1::MS, hypertension, herpes::3 diseases}}, brainstem infarct, and infection of the teeth and ja…
Published	07/30/2024	Anticonvulsive agents, {{c1::carbamazepine and phenytoin::2}}, are given for their sedative and anti-pain effects for treating trigeminal neuralgia
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Bell's Palsy or Peripheral facial paralysis or acute benign cranial polyneuritis}} - Unilateral inflammation of CN {{c1::VII}} in the absence of…
Published	07/30/2024	Patients with Trigeminal Neuralgia or Bell's Palsy may benefit from {{c1::steroids::drug}} to relieve inflammation
Published	07/30/2024	Parkinson's Disease - Degenerative disorder caused by {{c1::dopamine::neurotransmitter}} depletion from the destruction of the {{c2::substancia nigra:…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::PET scan::Diagnostic Test}} - The only imaging test that may be helpful in diagnosing parkinson's
Published	07/30/2024	Tremors in parkinson's is caused by damage to the {{c1::globus pallidum}}
Published	07/30/2024	Pharmacologic treatments for Parkinson's includes:{{c1::Anticholinergics, Dopaminergics, and MAO-B inhibitors::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Huntington's Disease/Chorea}} - Hereditary disorder in which the degeneration of the {{c2::cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum}} caus…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Haloperidol::drug}} blocks dopamine receptors which improve chorea in patients
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis or Lou Gehrig’s Disease}} - Neuronal degeneration of motor neurons in the anterior horns of the spinal c…
Published	07/30/2024	ALS needs 3 laboratory tests:{{c1::EMG, MRI, Biopsy}}
Published	07/30/2024	Manifestations of ALSSama-sama tayong. {{c1::Babagsak muli}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Riluzole}} is a glutamate antagonist that slows the deterioration of motor neurons in ALS
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Baclofen, Dantrolene sodium, or Diazepam::3 drugs}} is useful in patients with spasticity in ALS
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Alzheimer's Disease}} - Degenerative disorder where microscopic plaques impair function. It is the most common cause of dementia
Published	07/30/2024	Alzheimer's Disease Stage {{c1::I}} - Mild memory lapses
Published	07/30/2024	Alzheimer's Disease Stage {{c1::II}} - Obvious short term memory lapses
Published	07/30/2024	Alzheimer's Disease Stage {{c1::III}} - Disintegration of personality and Behavioral changes
Published	07/30/2024	Alzheimer's Disease Stage {{c1::IV}} - Physical and mental deterioration. Socialization is also affected
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Epidural}} Hematoma - Bleeding between the dura and inner surface of the skull
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Subdural}} Hematoma - Bleeding between the dura and arachnoid (spaces)
Published	07/30/2024	If a spinal injury leads to paraplegia, poor upper trunk control, and bowel/bladder {{c1::retention::retention/incontinence}}, it could be a {{c1::tho…
Status	Last Update	Fields