Notes in III. Urinary Bladder [D. Neoplasms] AND IV. Penis

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Published	01/25/2025	Urothelial Neoplasms: Bladder cancer is the 9th most common cancer type worldwide. Majority are {{c1::epithelial}} in origin like urothelial…
Published	01/25/2025	Bladder cancer: Typical presentation will be painless {{c1::hematuria}}
Published	01/25/2025	Bladder cancer: Superficial carcinoma can be treated with {{c1::intravesical instillation of BCG vaccine}}
Published	01/25/2025	Bladder cancer risks: Smoking, industrial exposure, {{c1::Schistosoma haematobium}}, long term analgesic use and cyclophosphomide, and irradiation.
Published	01/25/2025	Bladder Cancer Pathogenesis: Mutations that disrupt the function of {{c1::p53 and RB}} are prevalent in all {{c2::muscle-invasive cancers}},…
Published	01/25/2025	Grading of Noninvasive Urothelial (Transitional Cell) TumorsFlat Lesions 1. Urothelial {{c1::proliferation of uncertain malignant potential}} (fl…
Published	01/25/2025	Grading of Noninvasive Urothelial (Transitional Cell) TumorsFlat Lesions start as flat hyperplasia and eventually will become {{c1::dysplastic}} …
Published	01/25/2025	Flat Lesions: If CIS penetrated to the basement membrane, it will now become {{c1::invasive urothelial carcinoma}}
Published	01/25/2025	Flat Lesions: If the basement membrane can still be delineated from lamina propria, it is still {{c1::carcinoma in situ}}
Published	01/25/2025	Papilloma: Formation of {{c1::polyp}}
Published	01/25/2025	Papillary Neoplasm of Low Malignant Potential: Main difference from papilloma is the appearance of cell: {{c1::elongated, round-oval, uniform}}. …
Published	01/25/2025	Low-Grade Papillary Carcinoma: Loss of {{c1::polarity}}. Individual cells become {{c2::enlarged}}
Published	01/25/2025	High-Grade Papillary Carcinoma: Becomes {{c1::disorganized}}, pleomorphism of nucleus becomes more evident, and prominent {{c2::mitotic activity}}.&nb…
Published	01/25/2025	Flat lesions are more unfavorable compared to papillary lesions because flat lesions can easily invade {{c1::lamina propria}} and {{c2::destroy t…
Published	01/25/2025	Tumors are uncommon in the {{c1::urethra}}.
Published	01/25/2025	Urethral caruncle: Often presents as a {{c1::bleeding mass}} in the opening of the urethra. Management: {{c2::Removal of the mass.}}
Published	01/25/2025	Gonococcal & Non-gonococcal: Most commonly encountered infection of {{c1::urethra}}.
Published	01/25/2025	Most common gonococcal is {{c1::Gonorrhea}}. Most common are non-gonococcal are {{c2::Chlamydia & Mycoplasma. }}
Published	01/25/2025	Hypospadias: Urethral opening did not reach the tip of the penis instead it is on the {{c1::ventral surface. }}
Published	01/25/2025	Epispadias: Urethral opening is on the {{c1::dorsal surface.}}
Published	01/25/2025	Phimosis: Opening of the prepuce is {{c1::too constricted}} to allow retraction of the skin.
Published	01/25/2025	Balanoposthitis: Most commonly casued by {{c1::C. albicans}}, {{c2::anaerobes}}, {{c3::gardnerella}}, {{c4::pyogenic bacteria}}.
Published	01/25/2025	Condyloma acuminatum: Appear as a {{c1::polypoid lesions}}
Published	01/25/2025	{{c1::Peyronie disease}}: Not a tumor; instead there’s development of fibrous plaques which results from collagen deposition causing the penis to curv…
Published	01/25/2025	{{c1::Undifferentiated - Bowen’s disease}}: Compared to bowenoid papulosis which is common in sexually active, younger-aged men with the appearan…
Published	01/25/2025	Types of Squamous Cell Carcinoma ● Undifferentiated ● Differentiated              ○ Most of the time, a {{c1::non-H…
Published	01/25/2025	Differentiated Squamous Cell Carcinoma:Examples:1. {{c1::Verrucous Carcinoma}}     ● Has better prognosis than HPV-related SCCAs 2. {{c…
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