Notes in Pharm 221 Biostats

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	04/01/2024	types of case reports{{c1::disease identification}}{{c1::adverse drug reaction reporting}}{{c2::new treatment approach}}{{c2::education}}{{c2::quality…
Published	04/01/2024	Disease Identification ◦ {{c1::Previously unknown}} or {{c1::variant}} of known condition ◦ Reader must avoid {{c1::generalization}} of the rare condi…
Published	04/01/2024	Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) Reporting ◦ Most common source of {{c1::information for drug removal}} ◦ Excellent in identifying {{c1::rare and serious A…
Published	04/01/2024	New Treatment Approach ◦ Generally used to {{c1::generate a hypothesis for further testing}} with a more {{c2::resource-intensive design}} ◦ May lead …
Published	04/01/2024	Educational ◦ Present a scenario to {{c1::help clinicians improve practice skills}} ◦ Case reports on {{c1::clinical education}}
Published	04/01/2024	Quality Assurance ◦ Practice errors can illustrate {{c1::problems to avoid by other practitioners}} ◦ Medication {{c1::errors}}
Published	04/01/2024	strengths of case reportsidentifies {{c1::rare occurences}}identifies {{c1::delayed ADRs}}requires {{c2::minimal resources}}{{c2::hypothesis}} generat…
Published	04/01/2024	Case series -- {{c1::Single report that covers multiple cases together}} ◦ Includes group of patients who have been {{c2::diagnosed with same conditio…
Published	04/01/2024	Types of Case Series {{c1::Reporting new and emerging condition/treatment }}Evaluation of {{c1::disease course}} {{c2::ADRs}} {{c2::Edu…
Published	04/01/2024	case series strengthsstudy results are closer to those of {{c1::routine clinical practice}}may be useful when a {{c1::RCT is challenging to do}}high {…
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Published	04/01/2024	b52f4a229d634b79957563f398e0090f-oa-6
Published	04/01/2024	Systematic Review: {{c1::Structured process for identifying and summarizing existing studies that address a specific question }}Uses ◦ Helps clinician…
Published	04/01/2024	When to use systematic reviewsMultiple strong studies are available, but {{c1::contradict each other}}when not to use systematic reviewsAvailable stud…
Published	04/01/2024	Systematic Review Process Steps1 • Define {{c1::focused key questions}} 2 • Define {{c1::eligibility criteria and outcomes}} 3 • Define and conduct {{…
Published	04/01/2024	Define Focused Key Questions should be {{c1::important}}, {{c1::specific}}, and reflect an area of {{c1::uncertainty}} in clinical knowledge/literatur…
Published	04/01/2024	PICOTS {{c1::Population}}{{c1::Intervention}} {{c1::Comparator}} {{c1::Outcome}}{{c1::Timing}} {{c1::Setting}}
Published	04/01/2024	PICOTS Population: Includes the {{c1::nature of the condition being studied}} and {{c1::underlying characteristics of the population}} ({{c3::age}}, {…
Published	04/01/2024	Eligibility criteria: {{c1::Items of study design, duration, sample size, etc. that the investigators choose to include in their analysis}} Examples ◦…
Published	04/01/2024	Outcomes of interest: {{c1::Endpoints that the investigators would like to use to as the basis of their analysis}} Outcomes must have specific ways to…
Published	04/01/2024	Literature SearchesSearches shouldBe explained thoroughly in the article so they are {{c1::replicable}} Replicated across {{c1::multiple database…
Published	04/01/2024	Searching the LiteratureReview Titles and Abstracts: {{c1::Investigators assess whether the articles pulled from their search may be useful to their s…
Published	04/01/2024	Data Abstraction and Quality Rating Data are abstracted in an {{c1::evidence table }}Evidence tables help to {{c1::consistently evaluate and comp…
Published	04/01/2024	Data Abstraction and Quality Rating Rating scales help to {{c1::assess quality of the study }}Studies that meet {{c1::eligibility criteria}} but …
Published	04/01/2024	GRADE Framework for strength of evidence developed by {{c1::Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) working group&n…
Published	04/01/2024	3dfa6d0f73414470a6b18d22ec38852d-oa-1
Published	04/01/2024	3dfa6d0f73414470a6b18d22ec38852d-oa-2
Published	04/01/2024	3dfa6d0f73414470a6b18d22ec38852d-oa-3
Published	04/01/2024	3dfa6d0f73414470a6b18d22ec38852d-oa-4
Published	04/01/2024	3dfa6d0f73414470a6b18d22ec38852d-oa-5
Published	04/01/2024	Reviewing the Articles Once all studies are gathered, researchers decide {{c1::which studies to use in the review }}PRISMA Statement encourages t…
Published	04/01/2024	Data Synthesis Qualitative for {{c1::systematic reviews }}{{c2::Descriptive}} summaries of the studies No {{c2::new statistics}} presented&n…
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Published	04/01/2024	3125df8771c3407c974c60563c23fdb1-oa-4
Published	04/01/2024	3125df8771c3407c974c60563c23fdb1-oa-5
Published	04/01/2024	3125df8771c3407c974c60563c23fdb1-oa-6
Published	04/01/2024	3125df8771c3407c974c60563c23fdb1-oa-7
Published	04/01/2024	3125df8771c3407c974c60563c23fdb1-oa-8
Published	04/01/2024	Combined Effect/Pooled Results Pooling results is when {{c1::data are combined without weighting}} Results are taken from studies without regard to {{…
Published	04/01/2024	Study Selection Selecting studies for meta-analyses are slightly different than for reviews Reviews can have {{c1::broader}} study types Met…
Published	04/01/2024	Fixed-Effects Model Assumes that every study included in the meta-analysis all reflect the {{c1::same treatment effect (a single value)}} and any diff…
Published	04/01/2024	Random-Effects Model Assumes that the results of each study in the meta-analysis are {{c1::unique}} but can help to {{c1::build the population treatme…
Published	04/01/2024	Interpreting Heterogeneity Measures of heterogeneity {{c1::Heterogeneity chi-squared }}{{c1::I squared statistic }}{{c1::Forest plot&nb…
Published	04/01/2024	Heterogeneity Chi-Squared (x2) Aka {{c1::Cochran Q test}} looks to see if the observed differences in the results are due to {{c2::chance alone }…
Published	04/01/2024	I squared Statistic {{c1::Preferred}} way of reporting heterogeneity Reported as a {{c1::percentage between 0% - 100% }}Higher I2 percentag…
Published	04/01/2024	Results in Meta-Analyses performed when {{c1::quantitatively analyzing a series of articles to answer a key question }}Results are always a {{c1:…
Published	04/01/2024	Dichotomous Data in Meta-Analyses Results Reported As: {{c1::OR, RR, or risk differences (RD) }}{{c1::OR}} and {{c1::RR}} are preferred {{c2…
Published	04/01/2024	Continuous Data in Meta-Analyses Results Reported As: {{c1::difference in mean values for treatment and control groups }}Can be combined using…&n…
Published	04/01/2024	Publication Bias Most {{c1::widely acknowledged form}} of bias in meta-analysis Results from Studies with {{c1::positive findings}} are {{c2…
Published	04/01/2024	41ffb888f7044e7483e5a70eb0011307-oa-1
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Published	04/01/2024	593ee4919a8744a3adde3069a4b97f39-ao-1
Published	04/01/2024	593ee4919a8744a3adde3069a4b97f39-ao-2
Published	04/01/2024	055d5522de2242f58e640a7c9276ba27-oa-1
Published	04/01/2024	055d5522de2242f58e640a7c9276ba27-oa-2
Published	04/01/2024	055d5522de2242f58e640a7c9276ba27-oa-3
Published	04/01/2024	055d5522de2242f58e640a7c9276ba27-oa-4
Published	04/01/2024	055d5522de2242f58e640a7c9276ba27-oa-5
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Published	04/01/2024	055d5522de2242f58e640a7c9276ba27-oa-7
Published	04/01/2024	055d5522de2242f58e640a7c9276ba27-oa-8
Published	04/01/2024	PRISMA Statement Helps individuals who write journal articles to {{c1::improve their ability to write reports on their systematic reviews and meta-ana…
Status	Last Update	Fields