Notes in Viral Infections

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Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Acute (Transient) Infections}} {{c2::Viruses}} that cause transient infections ○ Structurally {{c3::heterogeneous}}, but ALL elicit …
Published	12/09/2024	ACUTE (TRANSIENT) INFECTIONS  {{c1::Measles}} An acute viral infection that affects multiple organs and causes a wide range of diseas…
Published	12/09/2024	ACUTE (TRANSIENT) INFECTIONS  {{c1::Measles}} Three cell-surface receptors have been identified for measles hemagglutinin prot…
Published	12/09/2024	ACUTE (TRANSIENT) INFECTIONS  Measles Initially multiplies within the {{c1::respiratory tract}} and then spreads to local lymp…
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Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Mumps}} ● An acute systemic viral infection usually associated with pain and swelling of the salivary glands
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Mumps}} ● A member of the {{c2::Paramyxoviridae family}}● Has two types of surface glycoproteins: With hemagglutinin and neuramin…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Mumps}}Infected {{c2::salivary gland ductal epithelial cells}} → desquamation of involved cells, edema, and inflammation that leads to …
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Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Mumps parotitis}} Bilateral in {{c2::70%::%}} of cases The affected glands are enlarged, have a doughy consistency, and are moist, gl…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Mumps orchitis}}{{c2::Testicular}} swelling may be marked, caused by edema, mononuclear cell infiltration, and focal hemorrhagesBecause the …
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Mumps encephalitis}} Associated with perivenous demyelination and perivascular mononuclear cuffing
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Poliomyelitis}} Causes an acute systemic viral infection, leading to a wide range of manifestations, from mild, self-limited infections…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1:: Polio Vaccines}}The {{c2::inactivated (injected)}} poliovirus vaccine protect against all three serotypesThe {{c3::attenuated (…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1:: Poliovirus}} Like other enteroviruses, is transmitted by the {{c2::fecal-oral}} route The virus infects human cells by binding to {{c3:…
Published	12/09/2024	Poliovirus then spreads through lymphatics to lymph nodes and eventually the blood, producing transient viremia and fever About 1 in 100 inf…
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Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Viral Hemorrhagic Fever}} ● A severe life-threatening multisystem syndrome in which there is vascular damage, leading to widespread hemorrha…
Published	12/09/2024	Viral Hemorrhagic FeverHumans are {{c1::incidental hosts}} who are infected when they come into contact with infected hosts (typically rodents…
Published	12/09/2024	Zika Virus Infections A {{c1::Flavivirus}} that was discovered in 1947 and was subsequently found to be widespread in Africa, Asia, and the Middl…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c3::Zika Virus Infections}} Adults- usually mild, non-specific flu-like illness {{c1::Guillain-Barré syndrome}} {{c2::Perinatal}} transmis…
Published	12/09/2024	Cerebral calcifications, cerebral atrophy, ventricular enlargements, and hypoplastic cerebral structures were the most common adverse outcomes ass…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Zika virus infection}} Microcephaly occurred in a small number of infants Ocular abnormalities, including pigment mottling, choriore…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Zika virus infection}} In small autopsy series, common findings in newborn children include microcephaly, ventriculomegaly, and conge…
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Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Dengue Virus}} A flavivirus transmitted by {{c2::Aedes mosquitoes}} in tropical and subtropical regions fever with headache, macu…
Published	12/09/2024	severe dengue ({{c1::dengue hemorrhagic fever}}) with bleeding, liver failure, reduced consciousness, organ failure, and plasma leakage lead…
Published	12/09/2024	Dengue Virus Infection{{c2::Antibody-dependent enhancement}}, in which the cross-reactive antibodies enhance uptake of virus into macrophages via {{c1…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)}} First detected in {{c2::Wuhan, China}} December 2019: Reported to the WHO End of March 2…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)}} Consistent with initial {{c2::animal-to-human}} transmission followed by {{c2::person-to-…
Published	12/09/2024	Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) {{c1::Bilateral ground-glass opacities}} on chest imaging Often associated with severe and so…
Published	12/09/2024	Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) ●  Genomic sequence shows COVID-19 is related to {{c1::bat coronaviruses }} and the {{c1::SARS cor…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Latent Viral Infection}} ●  Latency: persistence of viral genomes in cells that do not produce infectious virus●  Disseminatio…
Published	12/09/2024	The viruses that most frequently establish latent infections in humans are {{c1::herpesvirus}} {{c2::Large encapsulated}} viruses with…
Published	12/09/2024	Herpesviruses ● {{c2::Eight::#}} types of human herpesvirus ○ Belonging to three subgroups ({{c1::α-group viruses, β-group virus…
Published	12/09/2024	Herpesviruses subgroup {{c1::α-group viruses}} ●  Include {{c3::HSV-1, HSV-2, and Varicella zoster virus (VZV)::...,...,...}} ●  …
Published	12/09/2024	Herpesviruses subgroup{{c1::β-group viruses}} Include {{c2::CMV and human herpesviruses 6 and 7 (HHV-6 and HHV-7)::what viruses?}} {{c3::HHV…
Published	12/09/2024	Herpesviruses subgroup{{c1::β-group viruses}} Include {{c2::CMV and human herpesviruses 6 and 7 (HHV-6 and HHV-7)::what viruses?}} {{c3::HHV…
Published	12/09/2024	Herpesviruses subgroup {{c1::γ-group viruses}}● Include {{c2::EBV}} and {{c2::kaposi sarcoma-associated virus (KSHV/ HHV 8)}}● Produce lat…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Herpesvirus simiae (monkey B virus)}}● An old World monkey virus that resembles {{c2::HSV-1}} ● Can cause fatal {{c3::neurologic disease…
Published	12/09/2024	Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Infections {{c1::HSV-1}} and {{c1::HSV-2}} differ serologically but are closely related genetically and cause a simi…
Published	12/09/2024	Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Infections Spread to {{c1::sensory neurons}} that innervate these primary site of viral replication and rel…
Published	12/09/2024	Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Infections During latency, the viral DNA remains {{c1::within::within/outside?}} the nucleus of the neuron, and on…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Reactivation}} of HSV-1 and HSV-2 may occur repeatedly with or without symptoms, and result in the spread of virus from the neurons…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Reactivation}} of HSV-1 and HSV-2 may occur repeatedly with or without symptoms, and result in the spread of virus from the neurons…
Published	12/09/2024	HSV can infect multiple cells types, including {{c1::dendritic cells}} that are important for the antiviral immune response  …
Published	12/09/2024	In addition to causing cutaneous and genital lesions, HSV-1 is a major infectious cause of {{c1::corneal blindness}} and a major cause of {…
Published	12/09/2024	Due to ulceration and dampening of the immune response, {{c1::HSV-2}} infection increases the risk of {{c2::HIV}} transmission {{c3::fourf…
Published	12/09/2024	HSV-infected cells contain large, pink to purple intranuclear inclusions ({{c1::Cowdry type A}}) that consist of viral replication proteins and …
Published	12/09/2024	Due to cell fusion, {{c1::HSV}} also produces inclusion-bearing multinucleated syncytia HSV-1 and HSV-2 cause lesions ranging from self-lim…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Fever blisters}} or cold sores favor the facial skin around mucosal orifices (lips, nose), where their distribution is frequently {{c…
Published	12/09/2024	Gingivostomatitis, which is usually encountered in children, is caused primarily by {{c1::HSV-1}}
Published	12/09/2024	Genital herpes is more often caused by {{c1::HSV-2::HSV-1 or 2?}} than by {{c1::HSV-1::HSV-1 or 2?}}
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Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1903:top=.7803:width=.1838:height=.1011:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5289:top=.793:width=.1968:height=.0821…
Published	12/09/2024	● Corneal Lesions {{c1::Herpes epithelial keratitis}} shows typical virus-induced cytolysis of the superficial epithelium {{c2::Herpes …
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Herpes simplex encephalitis}} ● Disseminated skin and visceral herpes infections ○  Usually encountered in hospitalized patients wit…
Published	12/09/2024	Varicella-zoster Virus (VZV) Infections  {{c1::Acute Infection}} with VZV causes ChickenpoxTransmitted in epidemic fashion by {{c2::resp…
Published	12/09/2024	Varicella-zoster Virus (VZV) Infections Reactivation of Latent VZV causes {{c1::Shingles (Herpes zoster)}} ● Latent VZV infection is seen i…
Published	12/09/2024	Varicella-zoster Virus (VZV) Infections Reactivation of Latent VZV causes {{c1::Shingles (Herpes zoster)}} Localized recurrence of VZ…
Published	12/09/2024	Varicella-zoster Virus (VZV) Infections The {{c1::chickenpox}} rash occurs approximately {{c2::2}} weeks after respiratory infection Lesi…
Published	12/09/2024	Varicella-zoster Virus (VZV) Infections{{c1::Chickenpox rash}}Each lesion progresses rapidly from a macule to a vesicle which resembles a "dewdrop…
Published	12/09/2024	Varicella-zoster Virus (VZV) Infections{{c1::Chickenpox rash}} Histology: intraepithelial vesicles with intranuclear inclusions in epithelia…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2467:top=.9343:width=.1881:height=.0584:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.3408:top=.8496:width=.1331:height=.075…
Published	12/09/2024	ChickenpoxAfter a few days,Most vesicles rupture, crust over, and heal by regenerationLeaving {{c1::no scars}}2. Bacterial superinfection of vesic…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Shingles}} ● Occur when latent VZV in dorsal root ganglia (after previous chickenpox infection) is reactivated ○ Infects {{c2::sensory}} ne…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Shingles}} Virus infects {{C2::keratinocytes}} Causes {{c2::vesicular}} lesions Often associated with intense itching, burning, or sh…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Shingles}} Virus infects {{c2::keratinocytes}} Causes {{c2::vesicular}} lesions Often associated with intense itching, burning, or sh…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Shingles}} Histologically: ○ Sensory ganglia contain dense, predominantly mononuclear infiltrate, with {{c2::herpetic intranuclear inc…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Cytomegalovirus (CMV)}} {{c2::β-group}} herpesvirus Produce a variety of disease manifestations depending in the host’s age and immune…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Cytomegalovirus (CMV)}}Causes asymptomatic or {{c2::mononucleosis-like}} infection in healthy individualsBut, devastating systemic infection…
Published	12/09/2024	Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Modes of Transmission{{c1::Transplacental}}{{c1::Neonatal}}{{c1::Transmission through saliva}}{{c1::Transmission by gen…
Published	12/09/2024	Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Modes of Transmission {{c1::Transplacental}} ○ From a newly acquired or primary infection in a mother who does not h…
Published	12/09/2024	Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Modes of Transmission {{c1::Neonatal}} ○ Through cervical or vaginal secretions at {{c2::birth}} or later …
Published	12/09/2024	Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Modes of Transmission Transmission through {{c1::saliva}} Occur during preschool years, esp. in daycare …
Published	12/09/2024	Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Modes of Transmission Transmission by the {{c1::genital route}} Dominant mode after about {{c3::15}} years of ag…
Published	12/09/2024	Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Modes of Transmission {{c1::Iatrogenic}} ○ Can occur at any age through organ transplant or blood transfusion&nbsp…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::CMV}}●  Infected cells are strikingly largeDiameter of 40μmShow cellular and nuclear pleomorphism
Published	12/09/2024	Congenital Infections (Transplacental CMV) ●  {{c1::Asymptomatic}} in 95% of cases ●  Sometimes when the virus is acquir…
Published	12/09/2024	Congenital Infections (Transplacental CMV){{c1::classic cytomegalic inclusion disease}}Resembles {{c2::cerythroblastosis fetalis}} Intra…
Published	12/09/2024	Congenital Infections (Transplacental CMV) {{c1::Perinatal Infections (Neonatal CMV)}} Usually {{c2::asymptomatic}} due to protecti…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::CMV Mononucleosis}} Most common clinical manifestation of CMV infection in {{c2::immunocompetent}} hosts beyond the neonatal period …
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::CMV Mononucleosis}} Most people recover without any sequelae, but virus may continue to be excreted in body fluids for months to years …
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::CMV in Immunosuppressed Individuals}} Susceptible to severe CMV infection ○ Which may either be new infections or reactivation Most oppo…
Published	12/09/2024	CMV in Immunosuppressed Individuals Recipients of solid-organ transplants (heart, liver, kidney) also may contact CMV from the donor org…
Published	12/09/2024	CMV in Immunosuppressed Individuals {{c1::Pneumonitis}}: interstitial mononuclear infiltrate with foci of necrosis develops, accompanied by …
Published	12/09/2024	Viral InfectionsChronic Productive InfectionsIn some infections the immune system is unable to eliminate the virus, and continued viral replication le…
Published	12/09/2024	Viral InfectionsTransforming Viral InfectionsSome viruses can transform infected cells into benign or malignant tumor cells (oncogenic viruses)Example…
Published	12/09/2024	Viral InfectionsTransforming Viral InfectionsEpstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infectionsAssociated with the pathogenesis of several human tumors, most commonl…
Published	12/09/2024	Viral InfectionsTransforming Viral InfectionsEpstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infectionsInfectious MononucleosisBenign, self-limited lymphoproliferative disor…
Published	12/09/2024	Viral InfectionsTransforming Viral InfectionsEpstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infectionsInfectious MononucleosisPathogenesisTransmitted by close human contact…
Published	12/09/2024	Viral InfectionsTransforming Viral InfectionsEpstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infectionsInfectious MononucleosisPathogenesisInfection of B cells may take one …
Published	12/09/2024	Viral InfectionsTransforming Viral InfectionsEpstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infectionsInfectious MononucleosisPathogenesisSymptoms of infectious mononucleos…
Published	12/09/2024	Viral InfectionsTransforming Viral InfectionsEpstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infectionsInfectious MononucleosisMorphologyMajor alterations involve the blood,…
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