Notes in 5- Lipids

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Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Lipids}} are heterogeneous organic molecules, insoluble in water (hydrophobic), soluble in organic solvents.e.g. phospholipids in cell membrane,…
Published	02/10/2024	Biological functions of lipids:• {{c1::Stored form of energy}} • {{c1::Structural element of membranes}} • {{c1::Enzyme cofactors}}• {{c1::Steroid Hor…
Published	02/10/2024	Lipid Classes:• {{c1::Fatty acids}} - hydrophobic hydrocarbons and a terminal carboxyl group • {{c1::Triacylglycerol}} - glycerol head bonded to three…
Published	02/10/2024	Two types of Fatty acids:{{c1::Unsaturated FA}} - mono or poly double bonds that kink the hydrocarbon chain.(low melting point -  more fluidy) (i…
Published	02/10/2024	Fatty acid nomenclature:- Number of carbons beginning from the carboxyl carbon- Number of unsaturated, double bonds- Position of double bonds
Published	02/10/2024	Essential fatty acids: Linoleic and a-linolenic; - must get these from plants “Good fats”: high in {{c1::polyunsaturated}} fatty acids: (Good for…
Published	02/10/2024	Two fatty acids are dietary essentials in humans because of our inability to synthesize them:(humans can't produce fatty acids with double bonds beyon…
Published	02/10/2024	Triacylglycerols vs Phospholipids vs Glycolipids.What's the difference?
Published	02/10/2024	Digestion and Uptake of dietary lipids: (catabolism of polymers to monomers)e.g. Triacylglycerol (TAG), phospholipids (PL), cholesterol ester (CE).. e…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Steatorrhea}} is an illness that causes lipid malabsorption due to defects in bile secretion, pancreatic function or intestinal cell uptake.It i…
Published	02/10/2024	Overview of lipid digestion and uptake:
Published	02/10/2024	Partial digestion of lipids (fewer than 12-C) is done in the Stomach using {{c1::Acid lipases}}
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Bile salts}}, released by Gallbladder, act as biological detergents to form {{c2::emulsions}} of lipids with the aqueous solution by formin…
Published	02/10/2024	Triacylglycerols, Cholesterol Ester, Phospholipids are broken down and degraded in the small intestine using {{c1::pancreatic lipase}} which is secret…
Published	02/10/2024	Degraded long-chain lipids are absorbed through the intestinal mucosal cells (enterocytes) when they are inside an amphipathic transport structure cal…
Published	02/10/2024	TAG, PL, and CE are resynthesized after entering the intestinal cells for export into the Lymphatic system then to the bloodstream, they are packaged …
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Lipoprotein lipase}} is a lipase found in capillaries of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue that converts:Triacylglycer…
Published	02/10/2024	What are the fates of Free fatty acids, Glycerols, and Chlyomicron remnants after the process of lipid absorption?
Published	02/10/2024	Why are free fatty acids reesterified as TAG?
Published	02/10/2024	How are fatty acids released from stored TAG in adipose tissue?e.g. when body energy supply is low - ↓ plasma glucose and insulin.
Published	02/10/2024	Free fatty acids are transported in the blood through serum {{c1::albumin}}{{c1::Albumin}} is the most abundant plasma protein with 2-7 binding sites …
Published	02/10/2024	Classification of lipoproteins:1- {{c1::Chlyomicrons}} - rich in triacylglycerols, transports it from intestine to tissue (largest size, low…
Published	02/10/2024	Why is LDL 'bad cholesterol' and HDL 'good cholesterol' ?
Published	02/10/2024	Beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids: (Catabolism of fatty acids)--------------------------------------------• Occurs in Mitochondrial Matrix• Provid…
Published	02/10/2024	One of the control or regulation coenzymes in Fatty Acid Beta-oxidiation is called {{c1::Malonyl CoA}}, which, in high amounts, inhibit…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Carnitine shuttle (CPT1/CAT1)}} is a major site of regulation during Fatty Acid Beta-Oxidation, which is inhibited by Malonyl CoA to prevent Acy…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::CAT-1/CPT-1 Deficiency}} is a deficiency that prevents beta-oxidation, leads to hypoglycemia.Treatment: eating food containing medium-chain…
Published	02/10/2024	How many Acetyl CoA, FADH2, NADH, ATP result from the beta-oxidation of Palmitate (16-C)?How many beta-oxidation cycles did it go through?
Published	02/10/2024	The yield of ATP from {{c1::fatty acids}} is much higher than carbohydrates
Published	02/10/2024	Very long chained fatty acids (VLC-FA) >22 carbons undergo a preliminary b-oxidation in {{c1::peroxisomes}}.Then the shortened FA linked to ca…
Published	02/10/2024	Animals cannot convert fatty acids to glucose i.e. they are not {{c1::gluconeogenic}}, but they can convert glycerol to glucose.Acetyl CoA cannot be r…
Published	02/10/2024	Beta-oxidation of fatty acids is only done when blood glucose levels are down (Fasting/Starvation).Two conflicting processes happen here:[1] Exce…
Published	02/10/2024	During fasting or starvation, there is an excess of Acetyl CoA from Fatty acid breakdown:Acetyl CoA ↑ inhibits {{c1::pyruvate dehydrogenase}}&nbs…
Published	02/10/2024	The amount of ketogenesis depends on the availability of {{c1::Acetyl CoA}} and the activity of rate limiting enzyme {{c1::HM…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Ketone bodies}} are soluble, fuel molecules made from excess Acetyl CoA from fat metabolism during starvation or fasting.They are used by the Br…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Diabetic Ketoacidosis}} is a condition characterized by excessive levels of ketone bodies in the blood and low blood pH, which can occur du…
Published	02/10/2024	Where do we get fatty acids from?
Published	02/10/2024	De Novo Synthesis of Fatty Acids: (Anabolism of fatty acids)--------------------------------------------• Occurs in the Cytosol• Uses: ATP and NA…
Published	02/10/2024	What metabolic and hormonal signals control the activity of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC)?
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS-1)}} is a multifunctional enzyme with 7 subunits that has an ACP arm for anchoring the chain as it moves around the sub…
Published	02/10/2024	Most of the NADPH is used as a {{c1::reducing agent}} for the synthesis of Palmitoyl-CoA comes from the:[1] Phosphate Pentose Pathway[2] Reaction…
Published	02/10/2024	Any modification (e.g. unsaturation, elongation, branching) of palmitate or other dietary fatty acids occurs in the {{c1::mitochondria}} and {{c1…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Essential fatty acids}} are fatty acids, e.g. Linoleic & Linolenic, that cannot be synthesised but are required to make lipids e.g. eicosano…
Published	02/10/2024	What is the fate of synthesised fatty acids?
Published	02/10/2024	Fatty Acid Synthesis and Fatty Acid Degradation do not run at the same time!What's the difference between them?
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Steroids}} are a major class of lipids which contain the following ring system.They have 3 main classes:[1] {{c2::Cholesterol}} is the starting …
Published	02/10/2024	Sterols: CholesterolIt is made from Acetyl CoA in the liver.Functions:- Component to cell membrane- Precursor to other substances  • {{c1::Sterol…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Statins}} e.g. lovastatin, are drugs that inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, which is essential in cholesterol synthesis.They are the most common choles…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Eicosanoids}} are lipids derived from 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acids (eicosanoic acids) and are synthesized throughout the body.• They are si…
Published	02/10/2024	Some roles of eicosanoids:• Inflammatory response (e.g. joints, skin, eyes) • Pain & fever ({{c1::Prostaglandins}})• Mucus production in the stoma…
Published	02/10/2024	Anti inflammatory drugs e.g. Steroids & NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal-Anti-Inflammatory-Drugs) inhibit {{c1::Eicosanoid synthesis}}.e.g.Anti-inflammatory …
Published	02/10/2024	Why might patients taking NSAIDs, e.g. aspirin, suffer from stomach ulcers?
Published	02/10/2024	Eicosanoid analogues in medicine• {{c1::Leukotriene antagonists}} - asthma treatment (inhibit {{c2::leukotrienes}}). • {{c1::Prostaglandin anal…
Published	02/10/2024	Why do some patients with asthma take Zileuton or Zafirlukast?
Published	02/10/2024	There are three types of ketone bodies:[1] {{c1::Acetone}}[2] {{c1::Acetoacetate}} → only one detected in urine[3] {{c1::D-Beta-Hydroxybutyrate}}…
Published	02/10/2024	When are ketone bodies made?
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