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Published	12/08/2023	7aaebeb392d84a02a15421820c96bf85-ao-1
Published	12/04/2023	7aaebeb392d84a02a15421820c96bf85-ao-2
Published	12/04/2023	7aaebeb392d84a02a15421820c96bf85-ao-3
Published	12/04/2023	fd5452ebe2d640aab06a760663310f48-ao-1
Published	12/04/2023	fd5452ebe2d640aab06a760663310f48-ao-2
Published	12/04/2023	fd5452ebe2d640aab06a760663310f48-ao-3
Published	12/04/2023	fd5452ebe2d640aab06a760663310f48-ao-4
Published	12/04/2023	fd5452ebe2d640aab06a760663310f48-ao-5
Published	12/04/2023	034954fe354a4c3f96373e2f117a65e7-ao-1
Published	12/08/2023	034954fe354a4c3f96373e2f117a65e7-ao-2
Published	12/10/2023	034954fe354a4c3f96373e2f117a65e7-ao-3
Published	12/04/2023	{{c1::Erythro}}poiesis: red blood cell production{{c2::Thrombo}}poiesis: platelet production
Published	12/04/2023	Sites of hematopoiesis:{{c1::Yolk sac}}: 3-8 weeks{{c2::Liver}}: 6 weeks-birth{{c3::Spleen}}: 10-28 weeks{{c4::Bone marrow}}: 18 weeks-adulthood{{c5::…
Published	12/04/2023	Fetal hematopoiesis:Yolk sac wall has {{c1::blood islands}} as initial site of hematopoietic stem cells{{c2::Aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM)}} is second…
Published	12/04/2023	In adults, hematopoiesis in {{c1::liver}} and/or {{c1::spleen}} is sign of infection, hematological diseases, and cancer
Published	12/04/2023	9d2c1133b23044f8b5502a40c73da19a-ao-1
Published	12/04/2023	9d2c1133b23044f8b5502a40c73da19a-ao-2
Published	12/04/2023	9d2c1133b23044f8b5502a40c73da19a-ao-3
Published	12/04/2023	9d2c1133b23044f8b5502a40c73da19a-ao-4
Published	12/04/2023	9d2c1133b23044f8b5502a40c73da19a-ao-5
Published	12/04/2023	VDJ rearrangement:B-cell receptor {{c2::heavy}} chain: {{c1::V+D+J}} rearrangementB-cell receptor {{c2::light}} chain: {{c1::V+J}} rearrangement
Published	12/04/2023	VDJ rearrangement:T-cell receptor {{c2::beta}} chain: {{c1::V+D+J}} rearrangementT-cell receptor {{c2::alpha}} chain: {{c1::V+J}} rearrangement
Published	12/04/2023	{{c1::Complementarity-determining}} region is also known as the {{c2::antigen binding}} site
Published	12/04/2023	{{c2::Recombination signal sequences}} {{c1::align}} two gene segments that are about to be joined
Published	12/04/2023	{{c1::Recombination-activating genes}}, {{c1::RAG}}-1 and {{c1::RAG}}-2, encode enzymes that catalyze V(D)J {{c2::recombination}}
Published	12/04/2023	RAG-1 and RAG-2 expression is limited to {{c1::B and T lymphocytes}}
Published	12/04/2023	T-cell development occurs in the {{c1::thymus}}:1. Rearrange {{c2::beta}} chain2. Rearrange {{c2::alpha}} chain3. {{c3::Positive}} selection: can bind…
Published	12/04/2023	Developing T-cell is called a {{c1::thymocyte}}
Published	12/04/2023	T-cell development begins with {{c1::cytokine}} signaling from {{c2::thymic endothelial}} cells
Published	12/04/2023	Thymocytes are "{{c1::double negative}}": {{c2::CD4}}- and {{c2::CD8}}-
Published	12/04/2023	If new beta chain works, the initial cell will clonally proliferate and express both {{c2::CD4}} and {{c2::CD8}} on daughter cell surfaces: are now "{…
Published	12/04/2023	Double positive daughter T cells undergo {{c1::alpha}} chain recombination/rearrangement
Published	12/04/2023	T-cell receptors bind to both the {{c1::MHC}} molecule and the {{c2::peptide antigen}}
Published	12/04/2023	{{c1::Positive}} selection: thymocyte T-cell receptors must bind to/"recognize" {{c2::host MHC}} molecules
Published	12/04/2023	Can you find mature T-cells in the thymus?{{c1::NO}}
Published	12/04/2023	{{c3::Negative}} selection eliminates most thymocytes that bind {{c1::self-antigen}} too strongly, which should eliminate {{c2::self-reactive}} thymoc…
Published	12/04/2023	Cells that survive {{c1::negative}} selection are said to have acquired {{c2::immunological}} tolerance ({{c2::central}} tolerance) to self antigen
Published	12/04/2023	B-cell development occurs in the {{c1::bone marrow}} and are supported by {{c2::stromal}} cells:1. Rearrange {{c3::heavy}} chain2. Rearrange {{c3::lig…
Published	12/04/2023	If new heavy chain works in B cell, initial cell will proliferate and try to rearrange {{c1::kappa light}} chain gene segments.If that fails, cell tri…
Published	12/04/2023	B-cell {{c2::negative}} selection tests if there is {{c1::strong}} binding to self antigen
Published	12/04/2023	If intermediate strength binding to self antigen in developing B cells, {{c1::receptor editing}} occurs. This is additional attempts at {{c2::light}} …
Published	12/04/2023	{{c3::Omenn}} syndrome: defective {{c2::RAG}} gene function causes {{c1::severe combined}} immunodeficiency ({{c1::SCID}})
Published	12/04/2023	Omenn syndrome is {{c1::autosomal recessive::inheritance}}
Published	12/04/2023	{{c2::APECED}} ({{c2::APS-1}}) is caused by gene mutation in transcription factor {{c1::AIRE}}, which causes circulating {{c3::T-cells}} specific for …
Published	12/04/2023	APECED is {{c1::autosomal recessive::inheritance}}
Published	12/04/2023	What happens if VDJ segments being joined are not adjacent?{{c1::In between sections are cut}}
Published	12/04/2023	{{c1::Terminal deoxytransferase}} adds nucleotides between the cuts caused by {{c2::RAG1}} and {{c2::RAG2}}
Published	12/04/2023	General sequence of events from double negative thymocyte to double positive thymocyte:1. Upregulation of {{c1::RAG1}} and {{c1::RAG2}} gene expressio…
Published	12/04/2023	In the process of {{c1::allelic exclusion}}, after the first chromosome fully undergoes {{c2::VDJ recombination}}, it sends a signal to the cell to ha…
Published	12/04/2023	Testing T cell beta chain:{{c1::Invariant pre-T alpha}} polypeptide chain froms surrogate receptor with new beta chain. The {{c2::CD3 complex}} associ…
Published	12/04/2023	During negative selection, thymocytes differentiate from "{{c1::double positive}}" to "{{c1::single positive}}" cells ({{c2::CD4}} or {{c2::CD8}}) dep…
Published	12/04/2023	Transcription factor {{c1::AIRE}} promotes expression of a wide array of {{c2::self-antigens}} that the thymocytes can test on during {{c3::negative}}…
Published	12/04/2023	B-cell development begins with {{c1::cytokine}} signaling from bone marrow {{c2::stromal}} cells
Published	12/04/2023	General sequence of events for construction of {{c7::heavy}} chain in B-cells:1. Upregulation of {{c1::RAG1}} and {{c1::RAG2}} gene expression2. {{c2:…
Published	12/04/2023	Testing B cell heavy chain:{{c1::Surrogate light}} chain froms surrogate receptor with new heavy chain. {{c2::Immunoglobin beta}} and {{c2::immun…
Published	12/04/2023	If B-cell receptor is structurally correct (heavy and light chains rearranged), {{c1::negative}} selection occurs, where cells that bind to self antig…
Published	12/04/2023	B-cells that survive negative selection will upregulate expression of {{c1::IgD}} on cell surface and exit the bone marrow as an {{c2::IgM}}+ {{c2::Ig…
Published	12/04/2023	This is a representation of a {{c1::teardrop cell}}.It is an indicator of {{c2::myelophthisic}} process
Published	12/04/2023	This is a representation of a {{c1::Burr}} cell or {{c2::echinocyte}}. The most common reason to see them in peripheral blood is as an artif…
Published	12/04/2023	This is a representation of {{c1::spur}} cells or {{c2::acanthocyte}}. It is generally attributable to {{c3::abetalipoproteinemia}} or …
Published	12/04/2023	This is a representation of a {{c1::hypochromic}} RBC. It is indicative of {{c2::iron deficiency anemia}}.
Published	12/04/2023	This is a representation of {{c1::polychromasia}}. It is indicative of increased {{c2::red cell turnover}}.
Published	12/04/2023	This is a representation of {{c1::spherocytes}}. It is indicative of {{c2::extravascular hemolysis}} or {{c3::hereditary}} spherocytosis.
Published	12/04/2023	This is a representation of a {{c1::pencil}} cell or {{c2::elliptocyte}}. It is indicative of {{c3::iron deficiency}} anemia, {{c3::thalass}…
Published	12/04/2023	This is a representation of a {{c1::schistocyte::left}} and {{c1::helmet cell::right}}. They are indicative of {{c2::thrombotic thrombocytop…
Published	12/04/2023	This is a representation of a {{c1::sickle cell}}.
Published	12/04/2023	This is a representation of a {{c1::target cell}} or {{c3::codoycte}}. It is an indicator of {{c2::iron}} deficiency anemia, {{c2::thalass}}emia,…
Published	12/04/2023	This is a representation of {{c1::basophilic stippling}}. It is indicative of {{c2::lead}} toxicity and {{c2::thalass}}emias
Published	12/04/2023	This is a representation of a {{c1::Pappenheimer}} body consisting of basophilic {{c5::iron}} granules. It is indicative of {{c2::sideroblastic}}…
Published	12/04/2023	This is a representation of {{c1::Howell Jolly}} bodies and consists of basophilic remnants of {{c2::DNA}} in RBCs. It is indicative of asplenia, {{c3…
Published	12/04/2023	This is a representation of {{c1::cabot rings}} consisting of {{c2::mitotic spindle}} remnants. It is associated with defects in {{c3::RBC}} productio…
Published	12/08/2023	d5776e6c8c5a42ce910301e399168ca9-ao-1
Published	12/04/2023	d5776e6c8c5a42ce910301e399168ca9-ao-2
Published	12/13/2023	d5776e6c8c5a42ce910301e399168ca9-ao-3
Published	12/04/2023	Iron deficiency anemia typical cell findings:{{c1::Hypochromic}} cells{{c2::Pencil}} cellsRBC {{c3::fragments}}
Published	12/04/2023	Iron deficiency anemia will have low {{c1::mean cell volume (MCV)}}, low {{c2::mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)}}
Published	12/04/2023	What is the term for the clumping of RBCs?{{c1::Rouleaux}}
Published	12/04/2023	-penia: suffix meaning {{c1::lack}} or {{c1::deficiency}}
Published	12/04/2023	-cytosis: suffix meaning {{c1::abundance}}
Published	12/04/2023	What type of sample is this?{{c1::Bone marrow aspirate}}
Published	12/04/2023	What kind of sample is this?{{c1::Bone marrow biopsy}}
Published	12/04/2023	Which portion of the megakaryocyte becomes a platelet? {{c1::Cytoplasm}}
Published	12/04/2023	What is staining blue?{{c1::Iron}}
Published	12/04/2023	{{c1::Prussion Blue}} stain can evaluate iron stores
Published	12/04/2023	{{c1::Wright-Giemsa}} stain is the ideal stain for evaluating nuclear morphology
Published	12/04/2023	Platelet clumping leads to a falsely {{c1::low}} platelet count
Published	12/04/2023	Platelet clumping will mainly show up in the {{c1::feathered edge}} of a blood smear
Published	12/04/2023	{{c1::Left}} shifted granulocytes indicate a greater proportion of {{c2::immature}} neutrophils predominantly due to acute {{c3::inflammation/infectio…
Published	12/04/2023	This is the {{c1::thymus}}
Published	12/04/2023	T cell maturation begins in the thymus {{c1::cortex}} and progresses into the {{c1::medulla}}
Published	12/04/2023	This is the {{c1::spleen}}
Published	12/04/2023	{{c1::Hemosiderin}} shows up histologically as brown pigment in the spleen
Published	12/04/2023	{{c1::Germinal center}}
Published	12/04/2023	{{c1::Transferrin}} is a glycoprotein with {{c2::2::#}} iron-binding domains that transports iron. It is synthesized in the {{c3::liver}}
Published	12/04/2023	Transferrin synthesis is {{c1::inversely}} proportional to body iron stores
Published	12/04/2023	{{c1::Ferritin}} is an iron-storage protein that exists predominantly {{c2::intra}}cellularly, but also in small quantities {{c2::extra}}cellularly in…
Published	12/04/2023	Ferritin is a {{c1::positive}} {{c2::acute phase reactant}} and a marker of acute and chronic {{c3::inflammation}}
Published	12/04/2023	{{c1::Poikilo}}cytosis: RBCs of varying {{c2::shapes}} in blood smear{{c1::Aniso}}cytosis: RBCs of varying {{c2::size}} in blood smear
Published	12/04/2023	The gold standard test for identifying iron deficiency is {{c2::bone marrow biopsy}} with {{c1::Prussian blue}}
Published	12/04/2023	The best non-invasive test to rule in/out iron deficiency anemia is {{c1::serum ferritin}}
Published	12/04/2023	New iron primarily comes from the {{c2::GI tract/diet}}, while recycled iron comes from {{c1::old RBCs}}
Published	12/04/2023	{{c1::Recycling}} is the major source of iron available for erythropoiesis
Published	12/04/2023	In anemia of chronic disease, you will have {{c1::low}} serum iron, {{c1::high}} serum ferritin, and {{c1::low}} TIBC (total iron-binding capacity)
Published	12/04/2023	196edf3753304dee8c358b379e8e98b0-ao-1
Published	12/04/2023	196edf3753304dee8c358b379e8e98b0-ao-2
Published	12/04/2023	196edf3753304dee8c358b379e8e98b0-ao-3
Published	12/04/2023	196edf3753304dee8c358b379e8e98b0-ao-4
Published	12/04/2023	196edf3753304dee8c358b379e8e98b0-ao-5
Published	12/04/2023	Iron deficiency anemia due to malabsorption has {{c1::low}} serum iron, {{c1::low}} serum ferritin, and {{c1::high}} TIBC
Published	12/04/2023	b816f9d79b794d23b36050951e827a68-oa-1
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Published	12/04/2023	b816f9d79b794d23b36050951e827a68-oa-5
Published	12/04/2023	Most common extra-intestinal symptom of colon cancer is {{c1::anemia}}
Published	12/04/2023	c7d7791c86a54ac9b56dd6d025dafcf0-oa-1
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Published	12/13/2023	c7d7791c86a54ac9b56dd6d025dafcf0-oa-6
Published	12/13/2023	c7d7791c86a54ac9b56dd6d025dafcf0-oa-7
Published	12/08/2023	{{c3::Lymphadenopathy}} is usually non-tender rounded ("{{c1::rubbery}}") lymph nodes. Can cause {{c2::obstruction}}, especially if growth is fast.
Published	12/08/2023	B symptoms:1. {{c1::Fever}}2. {{c2::Drenching sweats}}3. {{c3::Unintentional weight loss}}
Published	12/08/2023	961c00cca49c4c8a9397c460d593b5a6-ao-1
Published	12/08/2023	961c00cca49c4c8a9397c460d593b5a6-ao-2
Published	12/08/2023	Blood Cell Disorders:{{c1::Aplastic anemia}}: stem cells are {{c2::gone}}
Published	12/08/2023	Blood Cell Disorders:{{c1::Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP)}}: stem cells have {{c2::growth advantage}}
Published	12/08/2023	Blood Cell Disorders:{{c1::Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)}}: stem cells support ineffective {{c2::hematopoiesis}}
Published	12/08/2023	Blood Cell Disorders:{{c1::Myeloproliferative syndromes}}: stem cells have {{c2::increased}} proliferation and {{c3::normal}} maturation
Published	12/08/2023	Blood Cell Disorders:{{c1::Acute leukemias}}: stem cells have increased {{c2::proliferation}} but do not {{c3::mature}}
Published	12/08/2023	Myelodysplastic syndrome: also called {{c1::refractory}} anemia, {{c1::pre}}leukemia, or {{c1::smoldering}} leukemia
Published	12/08/2023	Myelodysplastic syndrome: {{c1::clonal}} myeloid disorder arising from {{c2::stem cell}} mutations
Published	12/08/2023	Myelodysplastic syndrome: characterized by ineffective {{c1::hematopoiesis}} and cyto{{c2::penias}}
Published	12/08/2023	The arrow is pointing to {{c1::Auer rods}}
Published	12/08/2023	Leukemia: occurs mainly in {{c1::blood}} and {{c1::bone marrow}}Lymphoma: occurs mainly in {{c2::lymph nodes}}Myeloma: occurs mainly in {{c3::plasma c…
Published	12/08/2023	{{c1::Acute::Acute/Chronic}} neoplasms will generally have more {{c2::immature::mature/immature}} cells
Published	12/08/2023	The arrows are pointing to which type of cell?{{c1::Plasma cells}}
Published	12/08/2023	This is an indication of {{c1::monoclonal gammopathy}}
Published	12/08/2023	Multiple myeloma symptoms:C{{c1::alcium elevated (hypercalcemia)}}R{{c2::enal failure}}A{{c3::nemia}}B{{c4::one disease}}
Published	12/08/2023	Urine "dipstick" {{c1::does not::does/does not}} pick up M-spike
Published	12/08/2023	Lymphadenopathy can cause both {{c1::spleno}}megaly and {{c1::hepato}}megaly, with {{c2::diffuse}} enlargements happening more with {{c3::slow}}-growi…
Published	12/08/2023	d831a4bd57b640db9037fbe53875c38c-oa-1
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Published	12/08/2023	From left to right, there is a transformation from {{c1::indolent}} to {{c1::aggressive}} lymphoma
Published	12/08/2023	Most common indolent lymphoma is {{c1::follicular lymphoma}}
Published	12/08/2023	{{c1::Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma}}:Most common Non-hodgkin lymphoma{{c2::LDH}} elevated in majority of casesAll {{c3::indolent}} lymphomas can tran…
Published	12/08/2023	{{c2::Smudge}} cells (bottom right) are indicative of chronic {{c1::lymphoid}} leukemia
Published	12/08/2023	This is indicative of chronic {{c1::myeloid}} leukemia
Published	12/08/2023	Chronic {{c2::myeloid}} leukemia can be treated using {{c3::tyrosine-kinase}} inhibitors (ending in -{{c1::inib}})
Published	12/08/2023	Chronic {{c1::myeloid}} leukemia's main genetic driver is {{c2::BCR-ABL}} (t({{c3::9;22}})), also called the {{c4::Philadelphia}} chromosome
Published	12/08/2023	566d97d7e13b487983807f7b2329dd3a-oa-1
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Published	12/08/2023	This best describes {{c1::acute myeloid}} leukemia
Published	12/08/2023	This is indicative of {{c1::acute myeloid}} leukemia
Published	12/08/2023	AML mainly occurs in {{c1::older}} populations
Published	12/08/2023	This is indicative of {{c1::acute lymphoblastic}} leukemia
Published	12/08/2023	{{c1::B}} cell ALL is the more common version of ALL
Published	12/08/2023	ALL mainly occurs in {{c1::younger}} populations
Published	12/08/2023	One common environmental exposure for MDS/acute leukemias is {{c1::benzene}}
Published	12/08/2023	c133867043a84937a9bf5d2adc2cd49e-oa-1
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Published	12/08/2023	{{c2::M2}} AML (AML with {{c2::maturation}}) is the most common subtype of AML. 50% of these will have t({{c1::8;21}})
Published	12/08/2023	41e4b8fec44849d0aa0b68c50212cbc4-oa-1
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Published	12/08/2023	The most common cause of agranulocytosis is {{c1::drug toxicity}}
Published	12/08/2023	ee6f2f735dab4ab8899ecca83a5ca155-ao-1
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Status	Last Update	Fields