Notes in Week 7 - Cardio Meds Part 1

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Published	06/18/2025	Patient's with hypertension are mostly {{c1::asymptomatic}} leading to a delay in {{c1::diagnosis}} and medication {{c1::non-adeherence }}
Published	06/18/2025	Uncontrolled HTN puts patient at greater risk for {{c1::heart disease}}, {{c1::stroke}}, and {{c1::kidney disease}}
Published	06/18/2025	Primary (essential) hypertension has an {{c1::unknown}} cause while secondary hypertension has an {{c1::identifiable}} cause such as renal, disease, a…
Published	06/18/2025	what is the pathophysiology of hypertension?
Published	06/18/2025	BP readings in the same individual can {{c1::vary}} during the day and usually decreases during the {{c1::night}} and increases again in {{c1::early m…
Published	06/18/2025	American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) has defined four categories of BP in adults based on systolic BP (SBP) and/or …
Published	06/18/2025	lifestyle management for hypertension
Published	06/18/2025	The ACC/AHA treatment principles emphasize {{c1::lifestyle modifications}} throughout treatment and drug treatment initiation is based on {{c1::hypert…
Published	06/18/2025	what calculator tool is used to assess the need of hypertension drug treatment?
Published	06/18/2025	what type of regimens are preferred for hypertension tx?
Published	06/18/2025	what hypertension medications should NOT be used simulataneously?
Published	06/18/2025	what medications are classified as thiazide diuretics?
Published	06/18/2025	MOA of thiazide diuretics
Published	06/18/2025	C/I to thiazide diuretics
Published	06/18/2025	warnings when taking thiazide diuretics
Published	06/18/2025	ADR of thiazide diuretics
Published	06/18/2025	what is the recommendation to reduce ADR and increase medication adherence with thiazide diuretics?
Published	06/18/2025	what type of calcium blocker is mainly used to treat blood pressure?
Published	06/18/2025	what are the indications for using non-dihydropyridine (non-DHP) calcium channel blockers?
Published	06/18/2025	MOA of DHP
Published	06/18/2025	MOA of non-DHP
Published	06/18/2025	common ADRs of DHP (Calcium Channel Blocker)
Published	06/18/2025	what medications are classified as DHP CCBs?
Published	06/18/2025	what CCB is the drug of choice for pregnancy?
Published	06/18/2025	C/I to nicardipine
Published	06/18/2025	warnings when taking DHP CCBs
Published	06/18/2025	what is the biggest ADR of DHP CCBs?
Published	06/18/2025	ADRs of DHP CCBs
Published	06/18/2025	what is recommended to help minimize the effects of peripheral edema when taking DHP CCBs?
Published	06/18/2025	what DHP CCB is an infusion that is normally given in a hospital setting?
Published	06/18/2025	C/I to Clevidipine
Published	06/18/2025	warnings of Clevidipine (cleviprex)
Published	06/18/2025	ADR of clevidipine (cleviprex)
Published	06/18/2025	what medications are classified as non-DHP CCBs?
Published	06/18/2025	C/I to non-DHP CCBs
Published	06/18/2025	C/I to diltiazem
Published	06/18/2025	C/I to verapamil
Published	06/18/2025	warnings for non-DHP CCBs
Published	06/18/2025	ADR of non-DHP CCBs
Published	06/18/2025	ADR of verapamil
Published	06/18/2025	Non-DHP CCBs are primarily used for {{c1::heart rate control}} in certain arrhythmias and are sometimes used for {{c1::hypertension}} ,and chronic sta…
Published	06/18/2025	ACE inhibitors end in {{c1::"-pril"}}
Published	06/18/2025	MOA of Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors?
Published	06/18/2025	BBW of ACE inhibitors
Published	06/18/2025	C/I to ACE inhibitors
Published	06/18/2025	ADR of ACE inhibitors
Published	06/18/2025	what should be monitored when taking ACE inhibitors?
Published	06/18/2025	Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) end in {{c1::"-sartan"}}
Published	06/18/2025	MOA of ARBs
Published	06/18/2025	ARBs has the same ADRs as ACE inhibitors except:less {{c1::cough}} less {{c1::angioedema}} no {{c1::washout period required with sacubitril/…
Published	06/18/2025	Warning with olmesartan
Published	06/18/2025	warning with ARBs
Published	06/18/2025	what medication is classified as direct renin inhibitor?
Published	06/18/2025	MOA of Aliskiren (Tekturna)
Published	06/18/2025	C/I to direct renin inhibitor?
Published	06/18/2025	what side effects are in common with ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and Aliskiren?
Published	06/18/2025	what are additional drugs used to treat hypertension (NOT first line)?
Published	06/18/2025	what medications are classified as potassium-sparing diuretics?
Published	06/18/2025	MOA of triamterene and amiloride
Published	06/18/2025	MOA spironolactone and eplerenone
Published	06/18/2025	what is the preferred add-on drugs for resistant hypertension?
Published	06/18/2025	BBW of amiloride and triamterene
Published	06/18/2025	C/I to potassium-sparing diuretics
Published	06/18/2025	ADR of potassium-sparing diuretics
Published	06/18/2025	spironolactone ADR
Published	06/18/2025	MOA of beta blockers
Published	06/18/2025	what beta blocker is preferred in patients with bronchospastic disease (COPD)?
Published	06/18/2025	when are beta blockers used as a first line to tx hypertension?
Published	06/18/2025	Why does ARBs have less side effects than ACE inhibitors?
Published	06/18/2025	BBW for beta-1 selective blockers
Published	06/18/2025	C/I to beta-1 selective blockers
Published	06/18/2025	C/I to esmolol
Published	06/18/2025	warnings when taking beta-1 selective blockers?
Published	06/18/2025	ADR of beta-1 selective blockers
Published	06/18/2025	what medication is a beta-1 selective blocker with nitric-oxide dependent vasodilation?
Published	06/18/2025	C/I to nebivolol
Published	06/18/2025	ADR of nebivolol
Published	06/18/2025	Nebivolol requires a dose adjustment (start at {{c1::2.5}}mg) for {{c1::CrCl <30}} or {{c1::moderate liver impairment }}
Published	06/18/2025	what medications are non-selective beta blockers?
Published	06/18/2025	C/I to non-selective beta blockers
Published	06/18/2025	what medications are non-selective beta blockers and alpha-1 blockers?
Published	06/18/2025	what beta blocker is the drug of choice for pregnant patients with HTN?
Published	06/18/2025	what medications are centrally acting alpha-2 adrenergic agonists?
Published	06/18/2025	MOA for clonidine and methyldopa
Published	06/18/2025	clonidine is useful for {{c1::resistant hypertension}} and for patient who can't {{c1::swallow}} since it comes in {{c1::patch}} formulation
Published	06/18/2025	methyldopa can be used in {{c1::pregnancy}} however is NOT the drug of choice
Published	06/18/2025	warnings with clonidine
Published	06/18/2025	ADR of clonidine
Published	06/18/2025	C/I of methyldopa
Published	06/18/2025	warnings with methyldopa
Published	06/18/2025	ADR of methyldopa
Published	06/18/2025	what medications are direct vasodilators?
Published	06/18/2025	MOA of direct vasodilators
Published	06/18/2025	what direct vasodilator is given IV in hospitals to reduce BP?
Published	06/18/2025	C/I to hydralazine
Published	06/18/2025	warning with direct vasodilator
Published	06/18/2025	ADR of hydralazine
Published	06/18/2025	BBW for minoxidil
Published	06/18/2025	C/I to minoxidil
Published	06/18/2025	ADR of minoxidil
Published	06/18/2025	acute and severe BP elevation is generally {{c1::>180/120 mmHg}}
Published	06/18/2025	hypertensive emergency is where a patient has {{c1::acute target organ damage}} while hypertensive urgency has {{c1::no acute organ damage }}
Published	06/18/2025	s/s of hypertensive emergency
Published	06/18/2025	what is the tx for hypertensive emergency?
Published	06/18/2025	treatment for hypertensive urgency
Published	06/21/2025	What is cholesterol?
Published	06/21/2025	What are bile acids?
Published	06/21/2025	What is cholesterol eliminated as?
Published	06/21/2025	What organization guides treatment for dyslipidemia?
Published	06/21/2025	Elevated cholesterol increases the risk of {{c1::atherosclerosis}}, which is {{c2::plaque on the inner walls}} of arteries
Published	06/21/2025	Atherosclerosis can lead to {{c1::atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)}}
Published	06/21/2025	ASVD is life threatening and includes: {{c1::myocardial infarction}}, {{c1::stroke}}, {{c2::transient ischemic attack}}, {{c2::stable angina}}, and pe…
Published	06/21/2025	3 ways that cholesterol can be reduced (and are targets for medication)
Published	06/21/2025	Different Types of Cholesterol
Published	06/21/2025	Non-HDL cholesterol are lipoproteins that contribute to ASVD risk. They include: {{c1::LDL}}, {{c1::VLDL}}, and {{c1::lipoprotein a}}
Published	06/21/2025	Hypertriglyceridemia
Published	06/21/2025	Classifications of Dyslipidemia:{{c1::a) Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH)}}- caused by genetic defects that result in severe cholesterol elevations-…
Published	06/21/2025	Non-Drug Tx for Dyslipidemia
Published	06/21/2025	What is the target BMI for a pt with dyslipidemia?
Published	06/21/2025	Natural Products that can be effective at lowering LDLs (3)
Published	06/21/2025	Benefit/Indication of calculating ASVD?
Published	06/21/2025	ASVD Score:{{c1::<5%}} = low risk{{c1::5-7.4%}} = borderline risk{{c1::7.5-19.9%}} = intermediate{{c1::>20%}} = very high risk
Published	06/21/2025	ASVD Calculation is based on:
Published	06/21/2025	Calculating ASVD is NOT indicated for patients who:
Published	06/21/2025	What is the drug of choice for treating pts with high LDL?
Published	06/21/2025	Per the guidelines, what drugs can be added on to tx high LDLs?
Published	06/21/2025	Remember that many cholesterol-lowering drugs can cause {{c1::liver}} damage, such as: {{c2::niacin}}, {{c2::statins}}, {{c2::fibrates}}, and {{c2::ez…
Published	06/21/2025	If AST or ALT levels {{c1::>3x ULN}} then cholesterol-lowering drugs should NOT be used
Published	06/21/2025	Statins MOA
Published	06/21/2025	Statin "intensity" dosing considerations (2)
Published	06/21/2025	Statin Equivalent Doses:Pitavastatin {{c1::2mg}}Rosuvastatin {{c2::5mg}}Atorvastatin {{c3::10mg}}Simvastatin {{c4::20mg}}Lovastatin {{c5::40mg}}Pravas…
Published	06/21/2025	What is the most common ADR when taking statins?
Published	06/21/2025	Myalgia
Published	06/21/2025	Myopathy
Published	06/21/2025	Myositis
Published	06/21/2025	Rhabdomyolysis
Published	06/21/2025	Statins C/Is (2)
Published	06/21/2025	Concurrent use of CYP3A4 inhibitors is C/I with {{c1::simvastatin}} and {{c1::lovastatin}}
Published	06/21/2025	Concurrent use of {{c1::cyclosporine}} and pitavastatin are C/I
Published	06/21/2025	Statin Warnings (3)
Published	06/21/2025	Statins ADRs
Published	06/21/2025	What to monitor in a pt taking statins?
Published	06/21/2025	Statins Lipid Effectsdec LDL {{c1::~20-55}}%inc HDL {{c1::~5-15}}%dec TG {{c1::~10-30}}%
Published	06/21/2025	Non-Statin Tx Indications
Published	06/21/2025	Recommended initial non-statin tx options
Published	06/21/2025	Other Non-Statin Tx options
Published	06/21/2025	Ezetimibe (Zetia) MOA
Published	06/21/2025	Ezetimibe (Zetia) use should be avoided in moderate or severe {{c1::hepatic impairment }}
Published	06/21/2025	Ezetimibe (Zetia) ADRs
Published	06/21/2025	Ezetimibe Lipid Effectsdec LDL {{c1::~18-23}}%inc HDL {{c1::1-3}}%dec TG {{c1::5-10}}%
Published	06/21/2025	Name the drugs that are PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies (2)
Published	06/21/2025	Alirocumab (Praluent) & Evolocumab (Repatha) MOA
Published	06/21/2025	PCSK9 mAb Warning
Published	06/21/2025	PCSK9 mAb ADRs
Published	06/21/2025	What to monitor when taking Alirocumab (Praluent) or Evolocumab (Repatha)?
Published	06/21/2025	PCSK9 mAb Lipid Effectsdec LDL by {{c1::60%}}
Published	06/21/2025	Name the bile acid sequestrants (3)
Published	06/21/2025	Bile Acid Sequestrants MOA
Published	06/21/2025	Bile Acid Sequestrants ADRs (6)
Published	06/21/2025	Bile Acid Sequestrants should be used cautiously with pts with {{c1::PKU}} since some formulations contain {{c1::phenylalanine}}
Published	06/21/2025	C/Is of Colesevelam (Welcohl), Cholestyramine (Prevalite), or Colestipol (Colestid)
Published	06/21/2025	What condition/dx is colesevelam (welcohl) contraindicated?
Published	06/21/2025	Name the fish oil drugs (2)
Published	06/21/2025	Lovaza & Vascepa MOA
Published	06/21/2025	Omega-3 acid ethyl ester & Icosapent ethyl ADRs (3)
Published	06/21/2025	Fish Oils should be used cautiously in pts with {{c1::hypersensitivity}}
Published	06/21/2025	Fish Oils Lipid Effectsdec {{c1::TG}} up to 45%can {{c2::inc LDL}} up to 44% ({{c2::Lovaza}} only)
Published	06/21/2025	Stable angina is often associated with predictable {{c1::chest}} pain, often brought on by {{c1::exertion or emotional stress}} and relieved within mi…
Published	06/21/2025	Unstable angina is a type of {{c1::acute coronary syndrome (ACS)}} where chest pain increases in frequency and is {{c1::not relieved}} with nitroglyce…
Published	06/21/2025	Stable Angina S/S
Published	06/21/2025	How is stable angina diagnosed?
Published	06/21/2025	Stable Angina Non-Drug Tx
Published	06/21/2025	Stable angina should be aggressively managed and include the use of {{c2::ACE/ARB}} for {{c1::hypertension and CAD}}. It should also include high-inte…
Published	06/21/2025	Stable angina treatment goals
Published	06/21/2025	Stable Angina Tx ApproachA - {{c1::Antiplatelet & Antianginal}} DrugsB - {{c1::BP}}C - {{c1::Cholesterol}} (statins)D - {{c1::Diet & DM}}E - {…
Published	06/21/2025	Antiplatelet drugs considerations for tx stable angina
Published	06/21/2025	Name the antiplatelet drugs to tx stable angina
Published	06/21/2025	ASA MOA: irreversibly {{c1::inhibits COX-1 and COX-2}}Clopidogrel MOA: prodrug that irreversibly inhibits {{c1::P2Y12 ADP-mediated}} platelet activati…
Published	06/21/2025	ASA C/I
Published	06/21/2025	ASA Warning
Published	06/21/2025	ASA ADR
Published	06/21/2025	Clopidogrel (Plavix) BBW - it is a prodrug and its {{c1::effectiveness}} depends on the conversion to active metabolite {{c1::CYP450 2C19}}. An altern…
Published	06/21/2025	Clopidogrel (Plavix) C/I & Warning
Published	06/21/2025	Clopidogrel (Plavix) ADR
Published	06/21/2025	Name the antianginal drug classes that can be used to tx stable angina
Published	06/21/2025	Name the short-acting nitrates used to tx stable angina
Published	06/21/2025	Short-Acting Nitrate Dosing (stable angina):Nitrostat: 0.3mg, 0.4mg, 0.6mgNitroMist: 0.4mg/spray
Published	06/21/2025	Short-Acting Nitrates should NOT be used with {{c1::PDE-5 inhibitors}} (sildenafil/taldalafil) OR {{c1::soluble guanylate cyclase}} simulators
Published	06/21/2025	Nitroglycerin SL tab & Nitrolgycerin TL spray Warnings
Published	06/21/2025	Nitrostat & Nitromist ADRs
Published	06/21/2025	Short/Long-Acting Nitrates Monitor
Published	06/21/2025	Nitrostat or Nitromist are used {{c1::PRN}} for immediate relief of {{c1::chest pain}}
Published	06/21/2025	Name the long-acting nitrates used to tx stable angina
Published	06/21/2025	Isosorbide Mononitrate tab dose
Published	06/21/2025	Long-Acting Nitrates C/I
Published	06/21/2025	Long-Acting Nitrates, such as {{c2::Nitro-Bid}} and {{c2::Isosorbide Mononitrate}} require a {{c1::10-12hr nitrate-free}} interval to decrease {{c1::t…
Published	06/21/2025	Long-Acting Nitrate Warning & ADRs
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