Notes in ACMS 2024 Immuno

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Published	08/28/2024	The basic objective of human immunology is to {{c1::recognize self and non-self }}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Microbes}} are the most important {{c2::non-self}} for human health.
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Microbes}} must be {{c1::complex enough}} for the immune system to recognize them.
Published	08/28/2024	The {{c1::smallest}} target of the human immune system are {{c2::toxins or proteins}}.
Published	08/28/2024	The {{c2::largest}} target of the human immune system are {{c1::complex multicellular organisms}} like {{c1::helminths}}
Published	08/28/2024	Major types of {{c2::microorganisms (microbes)}} are {{c1::bacteria}}, {{c1::viruses}}, {{c1::fungi}}, and {{c1::protozoans}}.
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Parasites}}, such as {{c2::worms}}, are clincially grouped together with {{c1::protozoans}}.
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Commensals}} are {{c1::species of microbes}} that populate the human body {{c1::without causing diseases}}.
Published	08/28/2024	A {{c2::microbiota}} is a {{c1::community of microbial species}} populating {{c1::a particular niche}}
Published	08/28/2024	A {{c2::pathogen}} is {{c1::any organism that can cause disease}}.
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Opportunistic pathogens::Pathogen type}} colonize the human body {{c1::w/o causing any disease}}, unless the immune system is {{c1::we…
Published	08/28/2024	David Vetter, the bubble boy, lacked an {{c1::adaptive immune system}} and {{c1::could not defend agasint non-self pathogens}}.
Published	08/28/2024	The hallmark of {{c2::autoimmune disorders::Immune Disorder}} is {{c1::the body's inability to recognize (or tolerate) self vs non-self}}.
Published	08/28/2024	A {{c2::hypersensitivity}} is an {{c1::excessive repsonse}} to {{c1::a non-self pathogen}}.
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Immunology}} is the discipline focused on understanding {{c1::the immune system}}, {{c1::its responses to various types of non-self}} and the {{…
Published	08/28/2024	The {{c1::skin}}, {{c1::GI tract}}, and {{c1::respiratory systems}} are all {{c2::physical barriers}} that {{c2::seperate the body from the enviroment…
Published	08/28/2024	The hallmarks of infected tissue are {{c1::redness}}, {{c1::heat}}, {{c1::swelling}}, and {{c1::pain}}.
Published	08/28/2024	An {{c2::effector cell}} is {{c1::an immune cell}} that {{c1::"does something"}}.
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Cytokines}} are {{c1::soluble mediators}} of {{c1::the immune system}}.
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Macrophages}} are {{c1::innate::Innate or adaptive}} immune cells that express {{c1::many different}} receptor types.
Published	08/28/2024	The {{c1::scavenger receptor::Receptor type}} on {{c1::macrophages::Immune cell type}} recognizes {{c2::apoptotic cells}}.
Published	08/28/2024	The {{c1::TLR-4 receptor::Receptor type}} on {{c1::macrophages::Immune cell type}} recognizes {{c2::Gram - bacteria}} or {{c2::LPS}}.
Published	08/28/2024	The {{c1::TLR-1/2 receptor::Receptor type}} on {{c1::macrophages::Immune cell type}} recognizes {{c2::Gram + bacteria}} or {{c2::Peptidoglycan}}.
Published	08/28/2024	Cells mediating {{c2::innate::Innate vs. Adaptive}} immunity have {{c1::multiple different receptors::Receptor quality}} on a single cell.
Published	08/28/2024	Cells mediating {{c2::adaptive::Innate vs. Adaptive}} immunity have {{c1::a single unique receptor::Receptor quality}} on a single cell.
Published	08/28/2024	The {{c1::innate::Innate vs. Adaptive}} immune repsonse is {{c2::rapid::Speed}} and {{c2::non-specific::Specificity}}. The {{c1::adaptive:Innate vs. A…
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Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Antibodies}} act as {{c1::antigen receptors}} of {{c1::B cells (or B lymphocytes)}}.
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Antibodies}} do not recognize {{c1::whole pathogen structures}}; they recognize {{c1::specific antigens}} called {{c3::epitopes}} or {{c3::antig…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c3::TCR}} recognize {{c1::epitopes}} that are presented {{c2::on MHC by APCs}}.
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Clonal expansion}} is the {{c1::proliferation and differentiation}} of {{c1::pathogen-activated lympocytes}} to produce {{c3::more effector cell…
Published	08/28/2024	In {{c2::clonal expansion}}, {{c3::B-lymphocytes}} produce {{c1::effector cells}} and {{c1::memory b-cells}}.
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Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Antibodies}} are an {{c1::effector}} mechanism of {{c1::B cells}} that {{c3::neutralize toxins and viruses}}, {{c3::facilitate killing of bacter…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Cytotoxicity}} is a {{c1::key effector}} mechanism of {{c1::T cells}}.
Published	08/28/2024	Many {{c1::effector}} mechanisms of {{c2::T cells}} do {{c3::not involve direct killing of targets}}.
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::TH1}} facilitate {{c1::activation of macrophages}}, helping them to {{c1::kill bacteria}}.
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::TFH}} facilitates {{c1::activation of B cells}}, helping to develop {{c1::a strong response to an antigen}}.
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::T-helper cells}} act by {{c1::secreting various cytokines}} and by {{c1::direct cell-cell contacts}}.
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Innate}} and {{c2::adaptive}} immune responses are {{c1::not independent::Dependent or independent}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Innate}} and {{c2::adaptive}} immune responses {{c1::work together}} to {{c1::eliminate pathogens from the host::Goal}}.
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Hematopoiesis}} is the {{c1::production of blood}}.
Published	08/28/2024	Lymphoid progenitors develop into {{c1::adaptive::Immune classification}} {{c2::B and T-}} cells and {{c1::innate::Immune classification}} {{c2::NK an…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c3::Myloid progenitors}} develop into primarily {{c1::innate::Immune classification}} {{c2::granulocytes}} and {{c2::dendritic}} cells.
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::40-75%}} of leukoctes in the blood are {{c1::neutrophils}} and are the {{c2::foot soldiers of the immune response}}.
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Primary}} lymphoid organs are {{c1::the bone marrow}} and {{c1::thymus}}.
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::B-cells}} primarily mature in {{c1::the bone marrow}}.
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::T-cells}} primarily mature in the {{c1::thymus}}.
Published	08/28/2024	In {{c2::secondary lymphoid tissues}}, {{c1::mature lymphocytes}} are {{c1::activated}} to respond to {{c2::pathogens}}.
Published	08/28/2024	The major {{c2::secondary lymphoid tissues}} are the {{c1::spleen}}, {{c1::lymph nodes}}, and {{c1::peyer's patch}}.
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Neutrophils}} remain in the {{c3::bone marrow}} until they are {{c1::recruited to a site of infections}} where they {{c1::kill and ingest m…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::T-Cell precursors}} develop in {{c1::the bone marrow}} and migrate to the {{c1::thymus}} to mature.
Published	08/28/2024	The entire {{c1::B-cell}} development takes place in {{c2::the bone marrow}}.
Published	08/28/2024	Once a lymphocyte meets a {{c2::pathogen (antigen)}} to which its antigen-receptor binds, it becomes {{c1::activated}} and typically {{c1::stops recir…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::B-cell}} activation in the lymph node primarily takes place in the {{c1::lymphoid follicle}}.
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::T-cell}} activation in the lymph node primarily takes place in the {{c1::paracortex (T-cell area)}}.
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Germinal centers}} are the site of {{c1::B-cell activation}} coupled with {{c1::T-Cell presentation}} in {{c1::lymph nodes}}.
Published	08/28/2024	Once a {{c2::lymph node}} filters {{c1::pathogen-containing lymph}}, the {{c2::pathogen}} is {{c1::removed from systemic circulation}} and {{c1::destr…
Published	08/28/2024	The {{c2::spleen}} is a {{c1::filter for blood}}.
Published	08/28/2024	The {{c1::red pulp of the spleen}} is where {{c2::damaged red blood cells}} are {{c2::removed from circulation}}.
Published	08/28/2024	The {{c1::white pulp}} of the {{c2::spleen}} is {{c1::secondary lymphoid tissue}} and it's function is similair to a {{c2::lymph node}}.
Published	08/28/2024	The main difference between {{c2::white pulp (spleen)}} and {{c2::lymph nodes}} are that {{c1::both pathogens and lymphocytes enter and exit the splee…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Active}} immunity is generated as a result of {{c1::a response of the immune system}} to a {{c1::pathogen or a vaccine}}.
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Passive (acquired)}} immunity is {{c1::transferred immunity}} to a pathogen from an {{c1::immune individual}} to an {{c1::immunologically naïve …
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Humoral}} immunity can be transferred from an immunocompetent individual to an immunologically naïve by transfusing {{c1::serum}} or {{c1::immun…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Cell-mediated}} immunity can be confered by {{c1::transferring cells}}.
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