Notes in 06 Tumor Markers

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	07/30/2024	3 Classes of Tumor Markers:{{c1::Oncofetal AntigensProtein Epithelial cellsPolypeptide Hormones}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Oncofetal Antigens}} - Class of tumor markers normally expressed during fetal development but should not occur normally in tissues and serum of …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Protein Epithelial Cells}} - Class of tumor markers elevated in tissue and serum in adenosquamous or squamous cell carcinoma
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Polypeptide Hormones}} - Class of tumor markers elevated in the serum of patients with specific tumors
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Marker for Cellular Proliferation1. Oncoprotein2. Tumor Suppressors{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Marker for Cellular Differentiation1. Oncoprotein2. Tumor Suppressors{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Serum levels of E-selectin, ICAM, and VCAM are {{c1::↑}} in particular in late stage breast cancer patients
Published	07/30/2024	3 Important Angiogenic Factors Involved in Cancer:{{c1::Acidic and Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF)AngiogeninVEGF}}
Published	07/30/2024	Monoclonal antibodies are created by establishing a {{c1::hybridoma}} in a mouse
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Sensitivity and Specificity1. Monoclonal Antibodies2. Polyclonal Antibodies{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Can you rely on the result of a single tumor marker test?{{c1::N. Most tumor markers are associated with LOW SPECIFICITY::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	If ↑ AFP, think of {{c1::Hepatocellular carcinoma, Yolk sac-derived germ cell tumors, or endodermal sinus tumors::3 malignancies}}
Published	07/30/2024	If TRANSIENTLY ↑ AFP, think of {{c1::Pregnancy, and benign liver diseases::2}}
Published	07/30/2024	↑ AFP is also used to screen for neural tube defects and {{c1::down syndrome}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP)}} - Tumor Marker that is a major fetal serum protein
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Beta-2-Microglobulin (B2M)}} - Tumor Marker that is a constant light chain in MHC Class I
Published	07/30/2024	If ↑ B2M, think of solid tumors and {{c1::lymphoproliferative diseases::malignancy}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::B2M}} is a good tumor marker for CNS metastases in 75% of patients with {{c2::multiple myeloma}}
Published	07/30/2024	If ↑ CEA, think of tumors of the {{c1::GIT (most widely used), breast, and lung::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR]1. CEA2. Colon Surgery Prognosis{{c1::B::A for better prognosis, B for worse}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Liver}} damage can impair CEA clearance
Published	07/30/2024	CA 15-3 is present in adenocarcinomas of the {{c1::breast, colon, lung, ovary, and pancreas::5}}
Published	07/30/2024	If ↑ CA 15-3, think of {{c1::Chronic hepatitis, Liver Cirrhosis, TB, SLE, Sarcoidosis, Smokers::6 Non-neoplastic diseases}}
Published	07/30/2024	CA {{c1::15-3}} and CA {{c1::27-29}} are used for monitoring therapy of advanced or recurrent breast carcinoma
Published	07/30/2024	CA 15-3 and CA 27-29 relatively {{c1::↓::↑/↓}} sensitivity and specificity in detecting breast cancer
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Sensitivity for breast cancer1. CA 15-32. CA 27-29{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	If ↑ CA 19-9, think of {{c1::colorectal, gastric, and pancreatic::3}} CA
Published	07/30/2024	CA {{c2::19-9}} will be (+) in px w/ {{c1::Le(a-b+) or Le(a+b-)}}
Published	07/30/2024	If ↑ CA {{c2::125}}, think of {{c1::non-mucinous epithelial ovarian carcinomas (serous, endometrioid, and clear cell CAs of the ovary)}}
Published	07/30/2024	When can there be a false (-) result of CA 125?{{c1::When the px is undergoing chemotherapy}}
Published	07/30/2024	CA {{c2::72-4}} detects {{c1::TAG-72}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::TAG-72}} - High molecular weight mucin-like human adenocarcinoma-associated antigen detected in both {{c2::fetal epithelia and sera}} from patie…
Published	07/30/2024	If ↑ CA 72-4, think of {{c1::gastric}} and {{c1::colorectal}} CA
Published	07/30/2024	If ↑ Calcitonin, think of {{c1::skeletal, lung bronchogenic, medullary thyroid CA::3 malignancies}}
Published	07/30/2024	If ↑ hCG, think of {{c1::Germ cell tumors, trophoblastic tumors, choriocarcinoma, and testicular tumors::4 malignancies}}
Published	07/30/2024	Is hCG directly proportional to tumor mass?{{c1::Y::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	If ↑ {{c1::free β hCG}}, think of {{c2::nons::nons/s}}eminomatous germ cell tumor
Published	07/30/2024	If ↑ {{c1::intact or free α hCG, and/or free β hCG}}, think of {{c2::s::nons/s}}eminomatous germ cell tumor
Published	07/30/2024	If ↑ {{c1::free β hCG}} w/ normal {{c1::intact hCG}}, think of {{c2::choriocarcinoma}}
Published	07/30/2024	If ↑ {{c1::ectopic α hCG}}, think of {{c2::pancreatic endocrine tumors}}
Published	07/30/2024	If ↑ alpha-fetoprotein and hCG, think of {{c1::testicular carcinoma}}
Published	07/30/2024	If ↑ HER2/Neu (c-erbB-2) Oncoprotein, think of {{c1::breast CA, oral SCC, gastric CA, colorectal CA, urothelial CA, ovarian CA::6 malignancies}}
Published	07/30/2024	If px with metastatic breast cancer has initial serum HER2/neu of >{{c1::15}} ng/mL, follow up and monitor. If <{{c1::15}} ng/mL, it is correlat…
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. HER2/Neu prior to therapy2. Tumor Size, Grade, and Lymph node positivity{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. HER2/Neu during chemotherapy2. Treatment Completeness (Herceptin or trastuzumab){{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Half-life1. Wild-type p532. Mutated p53{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	p53 is mutated in about {{c1::50}}% of almost all types of cancers
Published	07/30/2024	if ↑ {{c1::p53 antibodies}}, think of p53 mutations
Published	07/30/2024	[VR]1. p53 antibodies2. Degree of cancer malignancy{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	If ↑ PSA, think of {{c1::Prostate CA}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] PSA1. Tissue-specificity2. Cancer-specifcity{{c1::A. Meaning, it's specific for the prostate but you can't tell if it's benign, infarcted, or mal…
Published	07/30/2024	Prostate Work-up Threshold:>/= {{c1::4}} ng/mL
Published	07/30/2024	3 Forms of PSA:{{c1::Free PSAPSA complexed with ACT (ɑ1 anti-chymotrypsin)PSA complexed with AMG (ɑ2 macroglobulin)}}
Published	07/30/2024	If PSA is undetectable, removal is {{c1::inc::inc/c}}omplete
Published	07/30/2024	If PSA is immeasurable, removal is {{c1::c::inc/c}}omplete
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Sensitivity to colon CA1. Colonoscopy2. FOBT{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Is FOBT specific to malingnant CA?{{c1::N::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	FOBT Principle: {{c1::Catalysis of oxidation of guaiaconic acid by the heme moiety of hemoglobin in the presence of H2O2}}
Published	07/30/2024	Detection of disseminating primary cancer cells in the peripheral blood can:1. Monitor early metastases2. Predict the prognosis and the treatment outc…
Status	Last Update	Fields