Notes in Nutrition II::08. Science of Diets and Dieting

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Published	12/08/2023	How do we know animals have a clear set point?{{c1::overfed/restricted animals go back to control weight when extreme diets are halted}}
Published	12/08/2023	What factors make human body weight complicated?{{c1::thermodynamic model}}{{c1::energy balance model}}{{c1::calories in calories out}}
Published	12/08/2023	{{c1::Leptin}} uses {{c1::body fat}} to signal {{c1::appetite/energy expenditure}}
Published	12/08/2023	The {{c1::leptin and obesity epidemic}} calls for explanation of significant discrepancies outside of normal weight
Published	12/08/2023	The {{c1::settling point model}} states that {{c2::gaining weight increases metabolic rate}} but {{c2::losing weight decreases metabolic rate}}
Published	12/08/2023	What is the main critique of the settling point model?{{c1::Not enough physiology is being taken into account}}
Published	12/08/2023	The {{c1::Minnesota Experiment}} brought to light what we currently know about {{c1::the physiology of starvation}}
Published	12/08/2023	The Minnesota Experiment identified the {{c1::problems of starving countries post-WWII}}
Published	12/08/2023	What were the conclusions of the Minnesota Experiment?{{c1::There are upper and lower intervention points where physiology will compensate for body we…
Published	12/08/2023	What are the upper and lower intervention points?{{c1::Leptin::lower intervention point}}{{c1::Gravitostat::upper intervention point}}
Published	12/08/2023	The {{c1::gravitostat}} is a {{c2::weight bearing mechanism}} that uses {{c2::osteocytes in a feedback loop to the hypothalamus to represent weight}}
Published	12/08/2023	Gravitostat study data:Mice with {{c1::saddlebags lost fat}} while mice {{c1::without saddlebags had no weight loss}}Mice without osteocytes but {{c2:…
Published	12/08/2023	Gravitostat study conclusions{{c1::osteocytes signal to the hypothalamus about weight, analogous to leptin}}
Published	12/08/2023	Original thoughts on leptin (no real evidence){{c1::As leptin levels increase, it leads to a negative control on appetite}}
Published	12/08/2023	In reality, leptin has an effect on {{c1::low levels of fat}}
Published	12/08/2023	High levels of leptin = {{c1::leptin receptors desensitized, then leptin insensitivity}}Low levels of leptin = {{c1::impact on metabolism}}
Published	12/08/2023	Gravitostat with children and growth{{c1::Child gains weight}} = {{c2::gravitostat signal goes up and decreases GH}}{{c1::Child underweight}} = {{c2::…
Published	12/08/2023	Homeostatic regulation of body fat massMaintenance of {{c1::excessive weight}} results in {{c1::higher set point}}Regulation of {{c2::weight around hi…
Published	12/10/2023	Body weight is an accumulation of: {{c1::genetic background}}{{c1::epigenetic effect}}{{c1::obesogenic environment}}
Published	12/08/2023	Food wasteWhy: {{c1::increased push of food over what we are able to consume}}How: {{c1::corporations push food in order to make a profit}}
Published	12/08/2023	Calories presented ≠ calories ingested ≠ calories absorbedEffect of diets on body fatness result primarily from {{c1::impacts on caloric int…
Published	12/10/2023	Genes vs environment in weight gainAre there genetic predispositions that affect weight gain? {{c1::yes::yes/no}}Genetic differences are not apparent …
Published	12/08/2023	Food is obesogenic due to:{{c1::ultra-palpability}}{{c1::cheapness}}{{c1::convenience}}{{c1::energy density}}{{c1::ubiquity}}{{c1::ultra-processing}}
Published	12/08/2023	Energy balance model of obesityBody weight is regulated by the {{c1::brain}}Input includes {{c2::food environment}} with {{c2::integration of internal…
Published	12/08/2023	HomeostasisEvery homeostatic model has an input of {{c1::incentive behaviors}}Food marketers use these {{c1::incentive behaviors}} to {{c2::develop an…
Published	12/08/2023	Relationship between body weight and BMRDecreased {{c1::calories in}} will eventually lead to {{c1::decreased metabolic rate}}Calories in and calories…
Published	12/08/2023	Corrected weight loss projection uses the {{c1::dynamic model}}The {{c1::dynamic model}} states {{c2::cutting calories}} will make you lose weight but…
Published	12/08/2023	Different diets {{c1::Atkins}} = {{c2::overall very low carb}}{{c1::Zone}} = {{c2::protein, fat, and carbs are a fixed percentage}}{{c1::LEARN}} …
Published	12/08/2023	Conclusions about different diets{{c1::Low carb diet}} pretty good at initial weight loss {{c1::All diets have similar results}} by 18 months{{c2…
Published	12/08/2023	{{c1::Cutting calories}} leads to weight loss {{c1::independent of the macronutrient cut out}}
Published	12/08/2023	Alternative hypothesis: it's not {{c1::how much we eat}} but {{c1::what we eat}}The focus has always been on {{c1::carbs}}
Published	12/08/2023	The {{c1::insulin-carbohydrate model}} doesn't make senseIncreasing {{c2::carbohydrates}} increases {{c2::insulin secretion}}We {{c3::eat more because…
Published	12/09/2023	Testing the insulin-carbohydrate modelMethodOne week trial {{c1::low fat}} vs {{c1::low carb}} groupsResults{{c2::Low carb}} = {{c3::insulin}} went do…
Published	12/09/2023	DIETFITS "good study"Method12 month weight loss of participants were separated into two groups1 = {{c1::low carb, limit sugar/processed foods, eat who…
Published	12/09/2023	New England Journal of MedicineMethodsSplit carefully selected overweight adults into 4 diet categories of {{c1::varying intake ratios between protein…
Published	12/09/2023	{{c1::SGLT2 inhibitors (glifozin)}} = class of medications that {{c2::inhibit reabsorption of glucose in the kidney by inhibiting sodium-glucose trans…
Published	12/09/2023	SGLT2 inhibitor studyResultsMild weight loss (~4 kg) and plateaus around week 24 but leaking ~350-400 kcal/day of glucoseFood intake increased (~100 k…
Published	12/09/2023	The body {{c1::resists weight loss}} and {{c1::promotes weight regain}} via {{c1::slowing metabolism and increased appetite}}Long-term maintenance of …
Published	12/09/2023	How quickly should you lose weight to keep it off?The obese can {{c1::lose weight fast}}For the slimmer, {{c1::it will be slower}}Metabolism {{c2::slo…
Published	12/09/2023	Look AHEAD studyResultsMost that {{c1::maintained weight loss for a long period of time}} lost just over 1/2 lb per week = 31 lbs lost in a yearConclu…
Published	12/10/2023	Cochrane systematic reviewsConclusionExercise is associated with {{c1::improved cardiovascular disease risk factors}} even if there is no weight loss
Published	12/09/2023	Constrained energy expenditure model{{c1::Expenditure was the same}} between hunter-gatherers compared to male office workersExpenditure only goes up …
Published	12/09/2023	Weight neutral strategy for obesity treatments: increasing level of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and/or physical activity (PA)Mortality risks assoc…
Published	12/09/2023	Energy Management ModelsAdditive model +AEE, =BEE → +TEE (AEE increases while BEE stays the same) AEE is independent of BEE and there is no …
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