Notes in 10EENDiseases

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Snellen Chart::Instrument}} - test visual acuity
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ishihara Chart::Instrument}} - color perception (R-G color). Done with patients undergoing {{c2::anti-TB}} treatment
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ophthalmoscope::Instrument}} - used to examine the internal and external structures of the eye
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Slit lamp examination::Procedure}} - examines the {{c2::anterior::direction}} structures under microscopic magnification
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Corneal staining::Procedure}} - instillation of dye in {{c2::conjunctival sac}} to outline abnormalities of the corneal surface
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Tonometry::Diagnostic Test}} - assess for an increased IOP. Diagnose patients with {{c2::glaucoma}}
Published	07/30/2024	Bright green color (+) in corneal staining indicates {{c1::non-intact::intact/non-intact}} corneal epithelium
Published	07/30/2024	Normal IOP: {{c1::10-20}} mmHg
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hyperopia}} ({{c1::far}}sightedness) - Focus of light rays from a distant object is BEHIND the retina
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Astigmatism}} - Light rays are spread over a diffuse area due to differences in the curvature of the cornea and lens
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Presbyopia}} - Loss of accommodation associated w/ age;
Published	07/30/2024	Myopia is corrected using {{c1::concave}} lenses
Published	07/30/2024	Hyperopia is corrected using {{c1::convex}} lenses
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Total}} Blindness - NO light perception and NO usable vision
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Functional}} Blindness - Some light perception but NO usable vision
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Legal}} Blindness - Visual acuity of {{c2::20}}/{{c2::200}} or worse with the better eye (w/ correction) or Visual field no >{{c2::20}} degre…
Published	07/30/2024	Most common cause of irreversible {{c2::central::central/peripheral}} vision loss (macular degeneration): {{c1::aging}}
Published	07/30/2024	There is higher risk of macular degeneration for patients with a history of {{c1::hyper}}opia
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Light::light/dark}}-colored eyes have a higher risk of macular degeneration
Published	07/30/2024	Low amounts of these substances increases the risk of Macular Degeneration:Vitamin {{c1::C}}{{c1::beta-carotene (Vitamin A)::Vitamin derivative}}{{c1:…
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Severity 1. Dry/Atrophic macular degeneration 2. Wet/Exudative macular degeneration{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Frequency 1. Dry/Atrophic 2. Wet/Exudative{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Dry}}/{{c1::Atrophic}} Macular degeneration results in changes in close vision
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Wet}}/{{c1::Exudative}} Macular degeneration results in functional blindness if not treated
Published	07/30/2024	The most common cause of bacterial tonsilitis is {{c1::Group A Beta Hemolytic Streptococci (GABHS)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Enlarged tonsils that meet at the midline are called {{c1::kissing tonsils}}
Published	07/30/2024	In cases of tonsilitis, should a tonsillectomy be performed for patients under the age of 12? {{c1::NO::YES/NO}}
Published	07/30/2024	For patients with recurrent tonsilitis, {{c1::tonsillectomy}} must be performed
Published	07/30/2024	Infected tonsils may lead to complications affecting the kidney such as {{c1::nephrotic syndrome}}
Published	07/30/2024	Infected tonsils may lead to complications affecting the heart such as {{c1::rheumatic heart disease}}
Published	07/30/2024	To manage throat pain and hyperemic pharyngeal wall in association with tonsilitis, {{c1::salt gargles}} are done
Published	07/30/2024	Occupational causes of laryngitis include {{c1::vocal abuse, and exposure to pollutants}}
Published	07/30/2024	Could gastroesophageal reflex disease lead to laryngitis? {{c1::YES::YES/NO}}
Published	07/30/2024	Clinical manifestations of laryngitis:{{c1::HoarsenessAphoniaDry coughSore & itchy throat}}
Published	07/30/2024	Patients with laryngitis should rest their voice for at least {{c1::48 hours}}, especially if their occupation requires them to use their voice
Published	07/30/2024	To prevent straining of the larynx, patients with laryngitis may whisper to communicate {{c1::FALSE::TRUE/FALSE}}
Published	07/30/2024	The most common histopathology of laryngeal cancer is {{c1::squamous cell}}
Published	07/30/2024	Laryngeal cancer is more common in {{c1::m::m/fem}}ales with {{c2::tobacco}} and {{c2::alcohol}} being the biggest risk factors
Published	07/30/2024	Deficiency in {{c1::riboflavin}} may lead to laryngeal cancer
Published	07/30/2024	Early symptoms of laryngeal cancer:{{c1::HoarsenessLump in the neckUnresolved coughPain / burning in the throat}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Halitosis}} is a late symptom of laryngitis characterized with nodules, ulcerations, and necrotic areas which may cause a foul smell
Published	07/30/2024	Patients who underwent laryngectomy require {{c1::speech therapy::rehabilitiation}}
Published	07/30/2024	Patients who had their vocal cords removed bilaterally are recommended to use {{c1::electric larynx}} to produce clear speech
Published	07/30/2024	Partial laryngectomy leads to {{c1::hoarseness}} whereas total laryngectomy leads to {{c1::aphonia}}
Published	07/30/2024	In {{c1::Dry}}/{{c1::Atrophic}} Macular degeneration, Yellow extracellular deposits ({{c2::drusen}}) accumulate beneath the retina
Published	07/30/2024	In {{c1::Dry}}/{{c1::Atrophic}} Macular degeneration, pigment epithelium causes gradual blockage of retinal capillaries
Published	07/30/2024	In {{c1::Dry}}/{{c1::Atrophic}} Macular degeneration, it is described as “Slowly progressive and painless vision loss”
Published	07/30/2024	In {{c1::Wet}}/{{c1::Exudative}} Macular degeneration, Formation of new blood vessels in the retina which leaks fluid and blood under the macula …
Published	07/30/2024	In {{c1::Wet}}/{{c1::Exudative}} Macular degeneration, Acute vision loss with bleeding from subretinal neovascular membranes
Published	07/30/2024	Macular degeneration results in {{c1::Scotomas}} - blind spots in the visual field
Published	07/30/2024	Macular degeneration results in {{c1::Metamorphopsia}} - distortion of vision
Published	07/30/2024	Common EGF-inhibitors for Macular Degeneration: {{c1::ranibizumab/pegaptanib::2}}
Published	07/30/2024	Common Antineoplastic treatment for Macular Degeneration: {{c1::bevacizumab}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Glaucoma::Eye Disease}} - increased IOP, optic nerve atrophy. Damages the optic nerve and causes {{c2::irr::r/irr}}eversible blindness
Published	07/30/2024	Types of Primary Glaucoma: {{c1::Open angle and Close angle::2}}
Published	07/30/2024	Glaucoma is characterized by {{c1::peripheral::central/peripheral}} vision loss
Published	07/30/2024	In Glaucomas, {{c1::IOP, ocular perfusion pressure, metabolic demand, and ocular blood flow::4 factors}} may lead to a state of vulnerability to chang…
Published	07/30/2024	In Glaucomas, {{c1::autoregulatory dysfunction and perfusion instability::2 paths}} will lead to retinal ganglion death
Published	07/30/2024	In Glaucomas, ischemic insults and reperfusion injuries affect {{c1::perfusion instability::path}} leading to retinal ganglion cell death
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Frequency 1. Open-Angle Glaucoma 2. Close-Angle Glaucoma{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Open-Angle Glaucomas usually manifest {{c1::bi::uni/bi}}laterally
Published	07/30/2024	Open-Angle Glaucomas are {{c1::as::as/s}}ymptomatic in the early stages
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Open}}-Angle Glaucoma - Blockage of the trabecular meshwork slows drainage of the aqueous humor, which increases IOP
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Open}}-Angle Glaucoma - manifests with "Tunnel" vision
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Close}}-Angle Glaucoma - The angle formed by the cornea and the iris narrows, preventing the AH from draining out of the eye. This can lead…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Close}}-Angle Glaucoma - Both uveoscleral and trabecular meshwork are blocked
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Glaucomas::Eye disease}} manifest with seeing halos around white lights and EYE PAIN, lacrimation, difficulty adjusting to dark rooms, and photo…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Close::Open/Close}}-Angle Glaucoma manifests with sudden severe pain around eyes and face, headache or brow pain, nausea, and vomiting, decrease…
Published	07/30/2024	Pharmacological Treatments for Acute Glaucomas: {{c1::Hyperosmotic drugs::gradient manipulator}}, {{c1::Prostaglandin analogs::main pharma treatment}}…
Published	07/30/2024	Non-pharmacological Treatments for Acute Glaucomas: {{c1::Iridotomy (Laser or Surgical)}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Cataract (Katara)::Eye Disease}} - With age, lens fibers become more stiff, densely packed, and gives the lens a yellowish hue with opacity…
Published	07/30/2024	Congenital cataracts are seen in infants who are exposed to  {{c1::high amounts of O2 or Rubella::2}}
Published	07/30/2024	Most common cause of Cataracts: {{c1::Aging}}
Published	07/30/2024	Chronic use of {{c1::steroids::drug}} may cause cataracts
Published	07/30/2024	3 Chronic Diseases (one of them is general) that may cause cataracts: {{c1::Cushing's Disease, Diabetes Mellitus, Adrenal Problems}}
Published	07/30/2024	2 environmental factors that increase risk of cataracts: {{c1::Radiation and Smoking}}
Published	07/30/2024	2 common manifestation of Cataracts: {{c1::POOR NIGHT VISION and glare}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Pain 1. Glaucomas 2. cataracts{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Pharmacological Treatments for Cataracts: {{c1::Haha I bet I gotchu there is none. Only managed SURGICALLY}}
Published	07/30/2024	2 Treatments for Cataracts: {{c1::Extracorporeal Cataract Extraction and Photocoagulation}}
Published	07/30/2024	Reminder for patients who underwent Cataract surgeries: {{c1::Bending forward and activities that lead to an increased intracranial, abdominal, a…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Retinal Detachment::Eye Disease}} - Separation of the retina from the posterior part of the eye (epithelium) with fluid accumulation betwee…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Retinal break}} - Interruptions in the full thickness of the retinal tissue; usually age related
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Holes}} - Atrophic retinal breaks that occurs spontaneously
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Tears}} - Occurs as the vitreous humor shrinks during aging (degenerative), pulling the retina
Published	07/30/2024	Severe {{c1::myopia::myopia/hyperopia}} can cause retinal detachment
Published	07/30/2024	Cataract or Glaucoma surgeries may be a cause of {{c1::Retinal Detachment::Eye disease}}
Published	07/30/2024	Disease that may cause Retinal detachment: {{c1::Diabetes Mellitus}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Type of Retinal Detachment]MOST COMMON{{c1::Rhegmatogenous}} Retinal Detachment
Published	07/30/2024	[Type of Retinal Detachment]Fluid enters between the 2 layers of the epithelium{{c1::Rhegmatogenous}} Retinal Detachment
Published	07/30/2024	[Type of Retinal Detachment]Abnormal membranes pull retina{{c1::Tractional}} Retinal Detachment
Published	07/30/2024	[Type of Retinal Detachment]Fluid accumulation in the subretinal space{{c1::Exudative}} Retinal Detachment
Published	07/30/2024	Retinal Detachment is characterized by {{c1::peripheral::central/peripheral}} vision loss
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Vitrectomy::Retinal Detachment Surgical Treatment}} - Remove the area where the vitreous humor is located. May be combined with {{c2::scler…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pneumatic Retinopexy::Retinal Detachment Surgical Treatment}} - Injection of gas to form a temporary bubble, providing apposition of the 2 …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Photocoagulation::Retinal Detachment Surgical Treatment}} - Laser beam through the pupil produces an intense inflammatory reaction, causing…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Scleral Buckling::Retinal Detachment Surgical Treatment}} - Depressing the sclera to force the choroid (middle portion of the eye) closer t…
Published	07/30/2024	Retinal Detachment Surgical treatment usually done when only a portion of the retina is torn: {{c1::Photocoagulation}}
Published	07/30/2024	Bacterial Conjunctivitis 3 main causes: {{c1::Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, H. influenza}}
Published	07/30/2024	Types of conjunctivitis with Mucopurulent/exudative discharge: {{c1::Bacterial and Chlamydial}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Bacterial}} conjunctivitis starts with a single eye then spreads to the other one in {{c2::48 hours::duration}}
Published	07/30/2024	Preferred antibiotic for Bacterial conjunctivitis: {{c1::fluoroquinolones}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Viral}} conjunctivitis is self-limiting and characterized with foreign body sensation and mild photophobia
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Chlamydial}} conjunctivitis is the most severe and may cause blindness is untreated
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Chlamydial}} conjunctivitis is transmitted by hands and flies
Published	07/30/2024	Treatment for Chlamydial conjunctivitis: {{c1::Oral antibiotics to treat the concurrent genital infection}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Allergic}} conjunctivitis manifests with swelling/ballooning of the conjunctiva, itching and exudates but is relatively minly
Published	07/30/2024	Allergic conjunctivitis treatments: {{c1::oral antihistamines or topical steroids::2}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Type of Uveitis]MORE INFLAMMATORY AND SEVERE and insidious{{c1::Granulomatous}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Type of Uveitis]Most common complaint is Photophobia and Pain{{c1::Granulomatous}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Type of Uveitis]Diffuse conjunctival injection with vitreous clouding (Retinal and choroidal hemorrhages){{c1::Granulomatous}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Type of Uveitis]REDNESS of conjunctiva (conjunctival injection), Photophobia, Pain, blurring of vision{{c1::Non-Granulomatous}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Type of Uveitis]Small and irregular pupils{{c1::Non-Granulomatous}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Type of Uveitis]Fine precipitates on the posterior corneal surface{{c1::Non-Granulomatous}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Type of Uveitis]Recurrence may cause {{c2::posterior synechiae}}{{c1::Non-Granulomatous}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Type of Uveitis]May result secondary to glaucoma{{c1::Non-Granulomatous}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Uveitis::Eye Disease}} - caused by {{c2::TCR-dependent}} activation of retina-specific {{c2::T}} cells by commensal bacteria that migrate and in…
Published	07/30/2024	3 Immediate Treatments for Uveitis: {{c1::Dark sunglasses::object}}, {{c1::Mydriasis::process}}, {{c1::Steroids::drug}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::VDRL::Diagnostic Test}} - Done after diagnosing a patient with Uveitis
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hordeolum::Eye Disease}} aka {{c1::Stye}} - Acute suppurative infection of the sebaceous glands in the lid margins. Lid is red, swolle…
Published	07/30/2024	Treatment for Hordeolum: {{c1::moist compress, daily lid scrubs, topical antibiotic::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	Should you cut the eyelashes in a hordeolum?{{c1::N. may cause an infection::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Blepharitis::Eye Disease}} - Bilateral inflammation of the eyelid margins. Lids are rimmed with crusts and scales on the lid and lashes.&nb…
Published	07/30/2024	3 Types of Blepharitis: {{c1::Staphylococcal, Ulcerative, Seborrheic}}
Published	07/30/2024	Most common and serious type of blepharitis and hordeolum: {{c1::Staphylococcus aureus}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Weber test::Ear Test}} - bone conduction to test lateralization. tests if problem is present on the right side or the left side
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Rinne test::Ear Test}} - Bone Conduction vs Air Conduction. air conduction audible and longer
Published	07/30/2024	ototoxic drugs during pregnancy: {{c1::aminoglycosides}}
Published	07/30/2024	Exposure to {{c1::rubella::virus}} may cause congenital hearing loss
Published	07/30/2024	Exposure to {{c1::mumps::virus}} may cause sudden deafness
Published	07/30/2024	2 Common ototoxic drugs that may cause sudden deafness: {{c1::tobramycin, streptomycin}}
Published	07/30/2024	Sudden deafness is {{c1::r::r/irr}}eversible
Published	07/30/2024	Considered loud noise and can be deafening: {{c1::85-90}} dB
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Presbycusis::hearing loss}} - Otologic effect of aging due to loss of hair cells in the organ of Corti. Progressive and {{c2::bilateral/sym…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Tympanoplasty}} - Surgical reconstruction of the middle ear to combat conductive hearing loss
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Myringoplasty}} - Surgical reconstruction of the eardrum to combat after ossicle replacement
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Otitis Externa::Ear Disease}} - Painful infection caused by water, trauma, allergy with mild itching after 1-2 days in the water and {{c2::green…
Published	07/30/2024	Otitis Externa treatment: {{c1::Analgesic, Antiobiotic, Disuse of cotton tips}}
Published	07/30/2024	Most common cause of impacted ear canal: {{c1::Cerumen (Wax)}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Otalgia}} - Sensation of fullness in ear w/ or w/o hearing loss
Published	07/30/2024	Impacted cerumen is irrigated with water and {{c1::hydrogen peroxide}} at {{c1::body}} temperature {{c1::at an angle::directly/at an angle}} or soften…
Published	07/30/2024	Acute otitis media lasts for {{c1::<6 weeks}}
Published	07/30/2024	Chronic otitis media may affect the {{c1::ossicles and Mastoid::2 bones}}
Published	07/30/2024	Treatments for Acute Otitis Media aside from antibiotics: {{c1::myringotomy or tympanotomy}}
Published	07/30/2024	Treatments for Acute Otitis Media aside from antibiotics: {{c1::tympanoplasty, ossiculoplasty, mastoidectomy::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	MOST COMMON cause of chronic, progressive, conductive hearing loss: {{c1::Otosclerosis}}
Published	07/30/2024	Otosclerosis is common in {{c1::fem::m/fem}}ales {{c1::15-30::age range}} y/o and starts {{c1::uni::uni/bi}}laterally
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Otosclerosis::Ear Disease}} - Normal bone of otic capsule → replaced by vascular spongy bone. May be secondary to infection, comorbidi…
Published	07/30/2024	Otosclerosis may manifest with these aside from conductive hearing loss: {{c1::Tinnitus, Paracusis Willisii::2}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Paracusis Willisii}} - Ability to hear better in noisy environment than quiet ones
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Tinnitus}} - overstimulation of CN VIII afferents
Published	07/30/2024	Otosclerosis Management: {{c1::Hearing aids and Stapedectomy::2}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Meniere's Disease::Ear Disease}} - Accumulated inner ear fluid (endolymph) balance causing dilated semicircular canals spinning/whirling vertigo…
Published	07/30/2024	Meniere's Disease commonly affects {{c1::m::m/fem}}ales {{c1::30-60::age range}} y/o
Published	07/30/2024	Anti-emetics for Meniere's Disease: {{c1::metoclopramide, bonamine::2}}
Published	07/30/2024	Anti-vertigo for Meniere's Disease: {{c1::dimenhydrinate}}
Published	07/30/2024	Antihistamines for Meniere's Disease: {{c1::diphenhydramine}}
Published	07/30/2024	Diuretics for Meniere's Disease: {{c1::furosemide}}
Published	07/30/2024	You may supply vaso{{c1::dilators::constrictors/dilators}} for Meniere's Disease
Published	07/30/2024	It is advisable to restrict {{c1::sodium}} from the diet if you have Meniere's Disease
Published	07/30/2024	Treatment done for Meniere's disease is unresponsive to medication: {{c1::Labyrinthectomy}}
Published	07/30/2024	Does Rhinitis aka the common cold require specific treatment?{{c1::N. Self-limiting::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	Most common cause of Rhinitis: {{c1::Rhinovirus}}
Published	07/30/2024	First line pharmacological treatment for Rhinitis: {{c1::Oral antihistamines}}
Published	07/30/2024	pharmacological treatment for persistent moderate-severe Rhinitis: {{c1::intranasal corticosteroid}}
Published	07/30/2024	pharmacological treatment for Rhinitis if patient cannot tolerate side-effects of oral anti-histamine: {{c1::intranasal antihistamine}}
Published	07/30/2024	Polyps may develop in rhinitis and can cause {{c1::unilateral anosmia}}
Published	07/30/2024	In Rhinitis, the {{c1::turbinates}} are inflammed
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Sinus X-rays and CT scans::2 Diagnostic Tests}} - For sinusitis
Published	07/30/2024	Common manifestations of sinusitis: {{c1::Fever w/ chills, Headache, Facial Pain, Discharge, Sore Throat}}
Published	07/30/2024	Patients with COVID {{c1::don’t::do/don't}} have purulent nasal discharge
Published	07/30/2024	Which sinus is obstructed with a headache?{{c1::frontal sinus}}
Published	07/30/2024	Which sinus is obstructed with eye pain?{{c1::sphenoid and/or ethmoid sinus}}
Published	07/30/2024	Which sinus is obstructed with numbness of the upper jaw?{{c1::maxillary sinus}}
Published	07/30/2024	Ideal temperature for humidifier in treating sinusitis: {{c1::room}} temp
Published	07/30/2024	Steroid for Sinusitis should only be given for a max of {{c1::2 weeks::duration}}
Published	07/30/2024	For patients with nasal crusting in sinusitis, {{c1::saline irrigation}} maybe be given
Status	Last Update	Fields