Notes in 02_Hyperlipidaemia and Atherosclerosis

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Published	02/10/2024	Normal Artery Wall Anatomy{{c1::Tunica Intima – this is the innermost layer, and has a single layer of endothelium, with a sparse supportive tiss…
Published	02/10/2024	Age-Related Arterial Changes {{c1::Progressive fibrous thickening of the intima}} {{c1::Fibrosis and scarring of the muscular and elastic media}}…
Published	02/10/2024	Thrombosis is {{c1::the process of formation of a solid mass (thrombus) from the constituents of blood within the vascular system.}}
Published	02/10/2024	Hyperlipidaemia is {{c1::a term that can be used to describe dyslipidaemia or hypercholesterolaemia }}
Published	02/10/2024	Criteria of Dyslipidaemia {{c1::High levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)}} {{c1::Low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol …
Published	02/10/2024	Criteria of Hypercholesterolaemia {{c1::High total cholesterol (TC)}} {{c1::Elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) or non-HDL-C}}
Published	02/10/2024	What are Lipoproteins?{{c1::Lipoproteins are the form in which most lipids are transported in the blood. They contain large insoluble glycerides as we…
Published	02/10/2024	Four Main Types of Lipoprotein {{c1::Chylomicrons}}  {{c1::Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDLs)}} {{c1::Low Density Lipoproteins (LDLs)}} {{c1::…
Published	02/10/2024	What are Chylomicrons?{{c1::These are a lipoprotein which consist of 95% triglyceride, they carry absorbed lipids from the gut to the liver.}}
Published	02/10/2024	What are Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDLs)?{{c1::These carry triglycerides manufactured by the liver, as well as small amounts of phospholipid and…
Published	02/10/2024	What are Low Density Lipoproteins (LDLs)?{{c1::These contain very few triglycerides, a few more lipoproteins, and lots of cholesterol! Their primary r…
Published	02/10/2024	What are High Density Lipoproteins (HDLs)?{{c1::The smallest of the ‘-DLs’. They have roughly equal amounts of lipid and protein. The lipids are mainl…
Published	02/10/2024	Lifecycle of Lipoprotein {{c1::The liver will synthesise very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs) which will then be released into the blood to deliver t…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Atherosclerosis}} is {{c2::a very slowly developing but early onset chronic disease which takes decades until presentation. It involves endothel…
Published	02/10/2024	The processes that underlie Atherosclerosis start in {{c1::young}} age, and progress throughout the course of life depending on multiple risk factors,…
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::endothelium}} acts as a semipermeable barrier between the vessel lumen and the arterial wall, which controls the movement of cells and nutri…
Published	02/10/2024	Lipoproteins (i.e. HDL and LDL) can go through the endothelium into the subendothelial space, and then leave, however {{c1::LDLs (apoB particles)…
Published	02/10/2024	Apolipoprotein A (apoA) particles include {{c1::HDL}} molecule
Published	02/10/2024	Apolipoprotein B (apoB) particles include {{c1::VLDL}}, {{c1::IDL}}, and {{c1::LDL}} molecules
Published	02/10/2024	REMEMBER that every lipoprotein that contributes to atherosclerosis has an {{c1::apoB}} background
Published	02/10/2024	Describe the Development of Atherosclerosis {{c1::Damage to the endothelium (due to for example, smoking, high blood pressure, inflammation, insulin r…
Published	02/10/2024	Atherosclerosis begins to develop because of {{c1::damage to the endothelium (due to for example, smoking, high blood pressure, inflammation, insulin …
Published	02/10/2024	The earliest significant lesion of Atherosclerosis is known as a {{c1::Fatty streak}}, a precursor of an atherosclerotic plaque
Published	02/10/2024	Complications of Calcified Atherosclerotic Plaque{{c1::Hardening and stiffening of the arterial wall which reduces its elasticity leading to an increa…
Published	02/10/2024	Complications of Unstable/Complicated Atherosclerotic Plaque {{c1::Progressive narrowing of the passage leading to critical reduction of blood flow (e…
Published	02/10/2024	The presence of a lipid-rich core and a fibrous cap in an artery is known as an {{c1::Established Atherosclerotic/Atheromatous plaque}}
Published	02/10/2024	Non-Modifiable Risk Factors of Atherosclerosis {{c1::Male}} {{c1::Family history of heart disease and stroke}} {{c1::Aging}}
Published	02/10/2024	Modifiable Risk Factors of Atherosclerosis {{c1::Raised apoB}} {{c1::Insulin resistance (i.e. Diabetes)}} {{c1::Hypertension}} {{c1::Lifestyle: PASSSS…
Published	02/10/2024	Clinical Manifestations of Atherosclerosis {{c1::Coronary Heart DiseaseEstablished atheroma: Stable angina (>50% stenosis)Complicated atheroma: Acu…
Published	02/10/2024	Signs on Examination of Major Hyperlipidaemia {{c1::Premature corneal arcus}} {{c1::Xanthomata (i.e. Collection of lipid on tendons)}} {{c1::Xanthelas…
Published	02/10/2024	Since Cholesterol is a lipid, it is hydrophobic, i.e. not water-soluble, and so it has to be carried around in tiny particles known as {{c1::lipoprote…
Published	02/10/2024	LDL particle may be enwrapped by a {{c1::Apolipoprotein(a) (Apo(a))}} forming a Lp(a)
Published	02/10/2024	Elevated {{c1::Lp(a)/Lipoprotein little a}} is a prevalent hereditary risk factor of {{c2::premature heart disease}}
Published	02/10/2024	Investigations of Hyperlipidaemia and Cardiovascular Disease{{c1::LDL-C (measures concentration of cholesterol within LDL particles)}}{{c1::ApoB …
Published	02/10/2024	Three Most Important Factors behind Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease {{c1::Endothelial dysfunction}} {{c1::Build-up of ApoB particles}} {{c1…
Published	02/10/2024	The method of managing Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) is by {{c1::reducing apoB particle levels (i.e. VLDLs, IDLs, LDLs)}}
Published	02/10/2024	Pharmacological Agents used to Manage Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD){{c1::Statins}}{{c1::Bempedoic acid}}{{c1::Ezetimibe}}{{c1::P…
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