Notes in h. Introduction to Signaling and G-Protein-Coupled Receptors

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Published	07/28/2024	73329da4b47746cab33a6fa69ede05da-ao-1
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Published	07/28/2024	Intracellular receptors use small {{c1::hydrophobic}} molecules as ligands
Published	07/28/2024	Cell surface receptors have {{c1::hydrophilic}} molecules as ligands
Published	07/28/2024	Signaling pathways that produce altered protein function are {{c1::fast}} in speed
Published	07/28/2024	Signaling pathways that produce altered protein synthesis are {{c1::slow}} in speed
Published	07/28/2024	A {{c1::protein kinase}} covalently adds a phosphate from ATP to the signaling protein
Published	07/28/2024	A protein {{c1::phosphatase}} removes a phosphate group from a signaling molecule
Published	07/28/2024	GTP-binding proteins are {{c1::activated}} when bound GDP is exchanged for GTP
Published	07/28/2024	G-proteins are {{c1::inactivated}} by GTPase activity that hydrolyzes bound GTP to GDP
Published	07/28/2024	GPCR stands for {{c1::G-protein coupled receptor}}
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::GPCRs}} are {{c2::integral}} membrane proteins comprised of a single peptide forming {{c3::7}} membrane-spanning alpha helices
Published	07/28/2024	In the intracellular domain of GPCRs, {{c1::Ser/Thr}} residues are {{c2::phosphorylated}} in response to ligand binding
Published	07/28/2024	GPCRs activate {{c1::heterotrimeric}} G-proteins (which is different from Ran-GTP and Rab-GTP which need GAP and GEF)
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Agonists}} are compounds that stimulate signal transduction
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Antagonists}} are compounds that inhibit signal transduction and bind to {{c1::antagonist}} binding sites that are structurally {{c1::distinct}}…
Published	07/28/2024	Explain the basic process for activation of heterotrimeric g-protein by GPCRs:
Published	07/28/2024	Heterotrimeric G-proteins are associated with the membrane via {{c1::lipid}} modifications
Published	07/28/2024	GPCRs regulate signaling pathways that control intracellular levels of {{c1::cAMP (which is formed by adenylyl cyclase and activates PKA (cAMP-de…
Published	07/28/2024	The {{c1::alpha}} subunit of {{c2::Gs}} protein is responsible for activating {{c3::adenylyl cyclase}} which in turn is responsible for…
Published	07/28/2024	0ca96308b0984f2cba0188cbcac3048a-ao-1
Published	07/28/2024	0ca96308b0984f2cba0188cbcac3048a-ao-2
Published	07/28/2024	0ca96308b0984f2cba0188cbcac3048a-ao-3
Published	07/28/2024	0ca96308b0984f2cba0188cbcac3048a-ao-4
Published	07/28/2024	0ca96308b0984f2cba0188cbcac3048a-ao-5
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Phosphodiesterase}} deactivates PKA by converting cAMP to AMP which means that cAMP can no longer bind to PKA and activate the enzyme
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Adenylyl Cyclase}} is activated by alpha Gs and produces cAMP
Published	07/28/2024	aa707b432e68468fbd4da30fe08df1a3-ao-1
Published	07/28/2024	aa707b432e68468fbd4da30fe08df1a3-ao-2
Published	07/28/2024	aa707b432e68468fbd4da30fe08df1a3-ao-3
Published	07/28/2024	The alpha subunit of Gi inactivates {{c1::adenylyl cyclase}}
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Gs}} is locked in the active state by cholera toxin
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Gi}} activation is prevented by pertussis toxin
Published	07/28/2024	PKA is responsible for what 2 steps in glucagon regulation?
Published	07/28/2024	What role does Protein Kinase A (PKA) play in transcriptional responses?
Published	07/28/2024	In GPCR calcium signaling the activated {{c1::beta-gamma}} subunit of the {{c2::Gq}} protein activates {{c3::Phospholipase C}}, which {…
Published	07/28/2024	Protein kinase C must bind the {{c1::diacylglycerol}} and {{c2::calcium}} in order to be activated
Published	07/28/2024	36e5ceb77ece49d69816fc271b92689c-ao-1
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Published	07/28/2024	36e5ceb77ece49d69816fc271b92689c-ao-4
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Published	07/28/2024	36e5ceb77ece49d69816fc271b92689c-ao-6
Published	07/28/2024	36e5ceb77ece49d69816fc271b92689c-ao-7
Published	07/28/2024	The activation of {{c2::PKC}} by diacylglycerol and Calcium stimulates gene expression by activating the transcription factor {{c1::NF-(kappa)B}}
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Calmodulin}} is a {{c2::calcium}} binding protein that is abundant and activates various other enzymes
Published	07/28/2024	GPCRs can be inactivated by {{c1::phosphorylation}} which causes {{c2::arrestin}} to bind, and prevent interactions with GTP
Published	07/28/2024	What are 2 methods by which GPCRs can be directly inactivated?
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