Notes in MICROBIOLOGY

To Subscribe, use this Key

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	09/01/2024	3
Published	09/01/2024	hi
Published	09/01/2024	What is the definition of microbiology?
Published	09/01/2024	Lucretius
Published	09/01/2024	{{c1::Girolamo Fracastoro}} proposed that epidemic disease was caused by transferable tiny particles or "spores"
Published	09/01/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1969:top=.3898:width=.0556:height=.0274:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.7226:top=.3898:width=.0734:height=.024…
Published	09/01/2024	What are the 3 different types of domains?
Published	09/01/2024	Rules of Thumb with Electron Microscopy
Published	09/01/2024	Compound Light Microscope
Published	09/01/2024	Types of light microscopy
Published	09/01/2024	What is the miasmatic theory of disease?
Published	09/01/2024	Focal Point
Published	09/01/2024	__________ work established the 3 domains rooted in the comparison of ribosomal RNA genes for microorganisms
Published	09/01/2024	focal length
Published	09/01/2024	Hooke coined the term {{c1::cell}} for describing biological organisms
Published	09/01/2024	Phylogenetic trees with the 3 domains compare how ________ bacteria, eukarya, and archaea are to each other
Published	09/01/2024	Who was Robert Hooke and what was he known for?
Published	09/01/2024	{{c1::Anton van Leeuwenhoek}} was the first to observe and describe sincle cells organisms he called animalcules
Published	09/01/2024	What is spontaneous generation?
Published	09/01/2024	The {{c1::16S Ribosomal RNA}} helps to determine relatedness between organisms and phylogeny
Published	09/01/2024	Who were the people to disprove spontaneous generation?
Published	09/01/2024	Is Bacteria usually single celled or multicelled?
Published	09/01/2024	strength of lens
Published	09/01/2024	How did Francesco Redi disprove spontaneous generation?
Published	09/01/2024	Most bacteria have cells walls with {{c1::peptidoglycan}}
Published	09/01/2024	Most bacteria {{c1::lack}} a membrane bound nucleus
Published	09/01/2024	Most bacteria live in {{c1::extreme environments}}
Published	09/01/2024	What did John Needham claim?
Published	09/01/2024	There are both {{c1::disease causing}} and {{c1::nondisease causing}} bacteria that exist
Published	09/01/2024	Who disproved John Needam?
Published	09/01/2024	Arachae are distinguished from bacteria by {{c1::unique rRNA sequences}}
Published	09/01/2024	Resolution
Published	09/01/2024	Many archaea live in {{c1::extreme environments}}
Published	09/01/2024	Magnification
Published	09/01/2024	archaea {{c1:: DO NOT}} directly cause disease in humans
Published	09/01/2024	How did Lazzaro Spallanzani disprove John Neeham?
Published	09/01/2024	Who was titled 'the high priest of Microbiology'?
Published	09/01/2024	Numerical Aperture
Published	09/01/2024	Some archaea have unusual {{c1::metabolic characteristics}}. List a few examples
Published	09/01/2024	Arachaea have unique {{c1::membrane}} lipids
Published	09/01/2024	How did Louis Pasteur disprove spontaneous generation?
Published	09/01/2024	working distance
Published	09/01/2024	Eukarya {{c1::HAVE}} membrane enclosed nucleus that are larger and morphologically complex
Published	09/01/2024	What were Pasteur's contributions to microbiology?
Published	09/01/2024	Who originated the process of pasteurization?
Published	09/01/2024	Can eukarya be seen without a microscope?
Published	09/01/2024	What did Pasteur develop vaccines for?
Published	09/01/2024	{{c1::Protists}} and {{c1::Fungi}} are subcategories of the domain Eukarya
Published	09/01/2024	Are protists unicellular or multicellular?
Published	09/01/2024	Oil Immersion
Published	09/01/2024	Robert Koch provided evidence to cement the {{c1::"germ theory"}} of disease
Published	09/01/2024	Are Eukarya unicellular or multicellular?
Published	09/01/2024	What are some examples of Protists and their properties?
Published	09/01/2024	What are Koch's Postulates?
Published	09/01/2024	{{c1::Edward Jenner}} used vaccination procedure to protect against smallpox
Published	09/01/2024	Bright-Field
Published	09/01/2024	Are fungi unicellular or multicellular?
Published	09/01/2024	Phase Contrast Microscopy
Published	09/01/2024	When was life first identified on earth?
Published	09/01/2024	What are some of the ways we can determine evidence of life on earth?
Published	09/01/2024	Early earth was hot and {{c1::lacked oxygen}}
Published	09/01/2024	Cells that were made in early earth must be able to use energy sources under harsh conditions. What were these called?
Published	09/01/2024	What are stromatolites?
Published	09/01/2024	The {{c1::oxygen revolution}} caused the extinction of some prokaryotes
Published	09/01/2024	Who is the founder of modern technology?
Published	09/01/2024	Others adapted using cellular respiration to harvest energy, this was called {{c1::endosymbiosis}}
Published	09/01/2024	Define endosymbiosis
Published	09/01/2024	How was Cock (Koch) revolutionary?
Published	09/01/2024	What does the susceptipility of an individal depend on?
Published	09/01/2024	endosymbiosis is the origin of the {{c1::mitochondria}}, {{c1::chloroplasts}}, and {{c1::hydrogenosomes}}
Published	09/01/2024	What are limitations of Koch's postulates?
Published	09/01/2024	Koch Postulate 1: The microorganism must be {{c1::present}} in every case of the disease but absent from healthy organisms
Published	09/01/2024	FUN FACT: Mitochondrial DNA has more homology to any bacteria than our regular DNA in our cells
Published	09/01/2024	Koch Postulate 2: The suspected microrganisms must be isolated and grown in a {{c1::pure culture}}
Published	09/01/2024	What does LUCA stand for?
Published	09/01/2024	Koch Postulate 3: The same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a {{c1::healthy host}}
Published	09/01/2024	Koch Postulate 4: The same microorganism must be isolated again from the {{c1::diseased host}}
Published	09/01/2024	What is LUCA?
Published	09/01/2024	{{c1::Arachaea}} and {{c1::Eukarya}} evolved {{c1::independently}} of Bacteria
Published	09/01/2024	What are Kock's postulates used for?
Published	09/01/2024	{{c1::Arachaea}} and {{c1::Eukarya}} diverged from common ancestry
Published	09/01/2024	Differential Interface Contrast Microscope (DIC)k
Published	09/01/2024	Eukaryotes increase diversity through {{c1::sexual reproduction}}
Published	09/01/2024	Bacteria and Archaea increase gene pool by {{c1::horizontal gene transfer}}
Published	09/01/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0642:top=.1913:width=.3301:height=.1028:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0687:top=.4039:width=.2941:height=.056…
Published	09/01/2024	What is taxonomy?
Published	09/01/2024	what are some ways you can classify living things?
Published	09/01/2024	What is a strain?
Published	09/01/2024	Strains can differ in 3 ways, what are the ways?
Published	09/01/2024	taxonomy of {{c1::macrobes}} are common and easy due to easily distinguishable features and processes. {{c1::Microbes}} are less distinct&nb…
Published	09/01/2024	How and what for are Dark- Field microscopes used for
Published	09/01/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.395:top=.0499:width=.1629:height=.0535:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.423:top=.1918:width=.1196:height=.0442:…
Published	09/01/2024	Classification of culture media is based on {{c1::chemical composition}} , {{c1::physical nature}}, {{c1::functions}}
Published	09/01/2024	Floursecence Microspy- How does UV light work?
Published	09/01/2024	what does fluorsecence microscopy used for?
Published	09/01/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1511:top=.09:width=.0866:height=.0549:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.161:top=.2011:width=.0935:height=.0268:o…
Published	09/01/2024	How does Confocal Microscopy work?
Published	09/01/2024	Electron Miscroscopy Pros?
Published	09/01/2024	{{c1::Joseph Lister}} was the pioneer of surgical techniques
Published	09/01/2024	{{c1::Lister}} developed an {{c1::antiseptic}} surgery system to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds
Published	09/01/2024	{{c1::lister}} also provided indirect evidence that {{c1::microorganisms}} were the causal agents of disease
Published	09/01/2024	Who studied lactic acid fermentation that demonstrante the specific cause of milk souring?
Published	09/01/2024	Why is electron microscopy sooo clear?
Published	09/01/2024	Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
Published	09/01/2024	Specimen Preparation
Published	09/01/2024	What was Alexander Fleming best known for?
Published	09/01/2024	Negative stain
Published	09/01/2024	The Golden age of microbiology was from {{c1::1850}} to {{c1::1915}}
Published	09/01/2024	shadowing
Published	09/01/2024	What is magnification?
Published	09/01/2024	What is resolution?
Published	09/01/2024	how does Scanning Electron Micrscope work?
Published	09/01/2024	What are the steps to gram staining?
Published	09/01/2024	gram positive bacteria is {{c1::purple}} and gram negative bacteria is {{c1::pink}}
Published	09/01/2024	Electron Crytography
Published	09/01/2024	Electron Method w/o Metals? How does it work?
Published	09/01/2024	What is the advantage of confocal fluorescence microscopy over standard fluorescence microscopy?
Published	09/03/2024	The use of prokaryoe is generally used for which domains?
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Cocci}} are spherical shaped
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Bacilli}} are rod shaped
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Spirilla}} are spiral shaped
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Vibrio}} are slightly curved rods
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Rod}} bacteria are aerodynamic
Published	09/03/2024	Bacteria are typically {{c1::1-5}} um
Published	09/03/2024	Large shape or size of bacteria may be {{c1::protective mechanism}} from {{c2::predation and infection}}
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::diplococci}} divide and remain in pairs
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::streptococci}} are in a singular chain
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::staphylococci}} are grape-like in clusters
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Spirochoetes}} are flexible spiral-shaped
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Pleomorphic}} are organisms that are variable in shape
Published	09/03/2024	What are bacteria with size outliers?
Published	09/03/2024	Some bacteria grow in more complex multicellular arrangements. List some of these bacteria
Published	09/03/2024	What is the cell envelope?
Published	09/03/2024	List the common bacterial features
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Plasma membrane}} is the innermost membrane that encompasses the cytoplasm
Published	09/03/2024	The plasma membrane is a {{c1::selectively permeable barrier}} that acquires nutrients and eliminates {{c1::waste}}
Published	09/03/2024	plasma membrane is a thin structure mostly composed of a lipid bilayer that is {{c1::amphipathic}}
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Hopanoids}} are hydrophobic molcules similar to cholesterol
Published	09/03/2024	Describe ways that the plasma membrane interacts with the external environment:
Published	09/03/2024	Hopanoids impacts the membranes {{c1::fluidity and shape}} in membrane region
Published	09/03/2024	Fluidity of the cell is dependent on the {{c1::environment}}
Published	09/03/2024	The {{c1::cell wall}} maintains the shape of the bacterium
Published	09/03/2024	The cell wall protects cell from {{c1::osmotic lysis}} and toxic materials
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::peptidoglycan}} strands have a helical shape, crosslinked for strength
Published	09/03/2024	Gram positive bacteria stain {{c1::purple}}
Published	09/03/2024	Gram negative bacteria stain {{c1::pink}}
Published	09/03/2024	A {{c1::direct crosslink}} is between carboxyl group and amino groups
Published	09/03/2024	In an {{c1::indirect cross-link}} a peptide interbridge may form
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Peptidoglycan}} is the rigid mesh-structure lying outside the plasma membrane
Published	09/03/2024	The alternating sugars of peptidoglycan are {{c1::NAG and NAM}}
Published	09/03/2024
Published	09/03/2024	Gram positive cells are composed of {{c1::peptidoglycan}}
Published	09/03/2024	Gram positive cells walls may also contain {{c1::techoic acid}} which helps to...
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::periplasm}} is between plasma membrane and cell wall and has relatively few proteins
Published	09/03/2024	A lot of bacteria are usually {{c1::negatively}} charged to help with attatchemnt to certain cell types
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::gram negative bacteria}} are more complex than gram positive
Published	09/03/2024	gram negative bacteria consists of {{c1::thin layer}} of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane made of lipids, lipoproteins, and {{c…
Published	09/03/2024	Do gram negative cells have techoic acid?
Published	09/03/2024	The {{c1::lipopolysaccharides}} have a negative charge and help with attatchement in gram negative cells
Published	09/03/2024	The {{c1::periplasmic space}} constitutes 20-40% of cell volume
Published	09/03/2024	the {{c1::gram negative}} cell wall contains {{c1::hydrolytic}} enzymes and {{c1::transport}} proteins
Published	09/03/2024	LPS - lipopolysaccharide provides 3 things, what are they?
Published	09/03/2024	Capsules are usually composed of {{c1::polysaccarides}}
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Slime layers}} are capsules except dissue, unorganized, and easily removed
Published	09/03/2024	Describe the protective function of capusles:
Published	09/03/2024	Slime may facilitate {{c1::motility}}
Published	09/03/2024	Components outside of cell wall include: {{c1::capusles}}, {{c2::slime layers}}, and {{c3::surface layers (s layers)}}
Published	09/03/2024	Surface layers have 3 main functions. List these:
Published	09/03/2024	What is the cytoplasmic matrix composed of?
Published	09/03/2024	How does the in-folding of plasma membrane to increase surface area benefit the cell?
Published	09/03/2024	Bacterial cytoskeleton contains protein filaments that...
Published	09/03/2024	What is intracytoplasmic membrane?
Published	09/03/2024	Microcompartments
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Gas vacuoles}} are pockets of air that are typically seen in marine bacteria
Published	09/03/2024	Ribosomes are sites of {{c1::protein synthesis}}
Published	09/03/2024	What is the size of bacterial and archaeal ribosomes?
Published	09/03/2024	Bacterial ribosomal RNA(rRNA) are composed of {{c1::16S rRNA}} small subunit and {{c1::23S and 5S}} rRNA in a large subunits
Published	09/03/2024	The nucleiod is usually {{c1::NOT}} membrane bound and are usually a closed circular DNA
Published	09/03/2024	Supercoiling and nucleoid proteins aid in {{c1::folding and structure}}
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Plasmids}} are small, closed, circular, independent DNA molcules
Published	09/03/2024	Plasmids carry {{c1::genes}} that can confer a {{c2::selective advantage}} in some situations
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Fimbriae/Pilli}} are short thin, hair like protein appendeaes to help with movement and attatchment
Published	09/03/2024	The sex pili is required for {{c1::conjugation}}
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Sex pilli}} are longer thicker, less numerous and required for conjugation
Published	09/03/2024	The 3 functions of flagella include...
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Flagella}} are threadlike, locomotor appendages extending outward from plasma membrane and cell wall
Published	09/03/2024	Flagella is composed of 3 parts:
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Filament/Flagellum}} extends from cell surface to the tip
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Hook}} is the short flexible segment (of the flagella)
Published	09/03/2024	Flagellum is a two part motor producing a torque:
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Rotor}} is a "moving parts", C ring interact with stators and connect to the rod
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Basal body}} is embedded in the cell envelope (part of the flagella)
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Stator}} is the "stationary parts" that campture PMF(proton motor force) through membrane to generate torque and drive rotation
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::chemotaxis}} is movement toward a chemical attractant or away from a chemical repellent
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::chemoreceptors}} transmit signals throughout the chemosensing system
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4981:top=.4272:width=.0789:height=.0435:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.6748:top=.2667:width=.109:height=.0268…
Published	09/03/2024	presence of attranctant/repellant alters tumbling frequency
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Twitching motility}} are short hairs that move in jerky motions and the cells are in contact with each other and surface
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Gliding}} is smooth movements without appendafes and slime may aid movement on the surface
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Spirochete motility}} are flagella that remain inside the cell wall, winding around the cell and have a corkscrew shape that exhibit flexing and…
Status	Last Update	Fields