Notes in 03 Drug Development Lecture

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Published	09/07/2023	Antibiotics face constant pressure from {{c1::antibiotic resistance}}
Published	09/07/2023	To develop antimicrobials, we need an understanding of{{c1::The pathogen and pathogenesis of infection and disease}}{{c2::Epidemiology of the disease …
Published	09/07/2023	Steps of antibiotic discovery{{c1::Discovery in the lab}}{{c2::Pre-clinical testing on cell cultures and animals}}{{c3::FDA approval for clinical tria…
Published	09/07/2023	In preclinical testing, we are looking for:{{c1::Identifying the physical and chemical properties of the drug}}{{c2::Testing the drug in vitro to know…
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Minimum inhibitory concentration}} is the lowest concentration of a drug that will kill all of the microorganisms in vitro of bacteria or fungi
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Selective toxicity}} is the goal of antimicrobial drug development and it is the ability of a drug to kill/inhibit the infecting organism withou…
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Reproductive toxicity testing}} is done to determine if the drug harms fertility of embryonic development
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Genotoxicity}} is done to determine if the drug damages genetic information
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Carcinogenicity testing}} is done to determine if the drug causes cancer
Published	09/07/2023	A higher therapeutic index is {{c1::safer}} while drugs with a narrow therapeutic index require {{c2::monitoring of drug levels}}
Published	09/08/2023	{{c1::Phase I}} clinical trials test for safety and dosing ranges
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Phase II}} clinical trials test for efficacy in the patients that the drug is intended to treat
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Phase III clinical trials}} continue to look at efficacy and side effects with a larger population (hundreds to thousands)
Published	08/30/2024	{{c1::Bacterial::Bacterial OR Human}} cells have:a cell wall, peptidoglycan, and LPSflagella, dsRNA, ssRNA, ribosome 30S and 50S subunits{{c2::gyrases…
Published	09/07/2023	Alteration of the microbiome by antibiotics can cause symptoms, such as {{c1::diarrhea}} (sometimes not due to a pathogenic infection) or an {{c2::inf…
Published	09/07/2023	Patient safety considerations when choosing an antibiotic{{c1::Age (may be toxic for children vs. adults)}}{{c2::Pregnancy/breast feeding (will the dr…
Published	09/07/2023	You want to use a {{c1::narrow spectrum}} antibiotic and only when your eally need it
Published	09/07/2023	An {{c1::antibiogram}} show how different organisms respond to different antibiotics, showing their susceptibility
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Breakpoint}} is the highest plasma concentration of the drug that can be safely achieved in a patient to define susceptibility to an organism.&n…
Published	09/07/2023	If the MIC is higher than the {{c1::breakpoint}}, then the antimicrobial is not good and the bacterials will not die to it
Published	09/07/2023	Susceptible organisms are when MIC is {{c1::less}} than the breakpoint for the organism.
Published	09/07/2023	Intermediate organisms are when the MIC is {{c1::approaching}} the determined breakpoint.
Published	09/07/2023	Resistant organisms are  when MIC is {{c1::greater}} than the predetermined breakpoint.
Published	09/07/2023	You draw blood cultures from {{c1::2}} sites and each one of these are cultured in an {{c2::aerobic}} and {{c2::anaerobic}} manner
Published	09/07/2023	When doing a sputum culture you want {{c1::low}} numbers of squamous epithelial cells
Published	09/07/2023	For serious blood infections, we tend to use {{c1::bactericidal}} drugs
Published	09/07/2023	There are various {{c1::barriers}} in the body that antibiotics may not be able to cross
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Published	09/07/2023	Viruses are harder to treat because they use the {{c1::host machinery}}
Published	09/07/2023	The viruses that can be treated are usually those that have something in their structure or replication cycle that is {{c1::unique}} to the virus and …
Published	09/07/2023	A common viral drug targets is the {{c1::viral DNA poylmerase}} (like in cases for cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, and varicella zoster virus)
Published	09/07/2023	Viruses (like HIV) can develop resistance when only treated with {{c1::one}} antiviral, because of this, multiple antivirals are used in combination
Published	09/07/2023	Antifungals commonly target the {{c1::cell wall (glucan inhibitors)}} or the {{c2::cell membrane (ergosterol binder or inhibitor) }}
Published	09/07/2023	Resistance to antimicrobials can occur {{c1::very quickly}}
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