Notes in Chapter 7 - Neoplastic Disorders

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Published	01/23/2025	anaplasia is a lack of {{c1::differentation}}
Published	01/23/2025	Anaplasia is a hallmark of {{c1::malignancy}}
Published	01/23/2025	Tumor giant cells are a sign of {{c1::pleomorphism}}
Published	01/23/2025	Mitotic figures are Tripolar/Quadripolar spindle structures that indicate {{c1::mitosis}} of malignant cells
Published	01/23/2025	A dysplastic tumor is said to be invasive when it breaches the {{c1::basement membrane}}
Published	01/23/2025	{{c1::Metastasis}} is the most distinuishing feature of malignancy
Published	01/23/2025	The most common pathway for initial dissemination of carcinomas is through the {{c1::lymphatics}}
Published	01/23/2025	The first node to receive lymph from a primary tumor is a {{c1::senitinel node}}
Published	01/23/2025	Benzene increases risk for {{c1::Acute Myeloid Leukemia}}
Published	01/23/2025	Beryllium increases risk for {{c1::Lung Carcinoma}}
Published	01/23/2025	Cadmium increases risk for {{c1::Prostate Carcinoma}}
Published	01/23/2025	Chromium increases risk for {{c1::Lung Carcinoma}}
Published	01/23/2025	Radon increases risk for {{c1::Lung Carcinoma}}
Published	01/23/2025	Vinyl Chloride increases risk for {{c1::Hepatic angiosarcoma}}
Published	01/23/2025	Cancers are most common in adults older than {{c1::60}}
Published	01/23/2025	Mutations of proto-oncogenes usually result in {{c1::gain of function}} mutations
Published	01/23/2025	Mutations of proto-oncogenes act like they are autosomal {{c1::dominant}}
Published	01/23/2025	Mutations of tumor supressor genes result in {{c1::loss of function}}
Published	01/23/2025	Mutations of tumor suppressor genes act like they are autosomal {{c1::recessive}}
Published	01/23/2025	Mutator phenotype is caused by a loss of function in {{c1::DNA repair}} genes
Published	01/23/2025	The driver mutation that is the first mutation/maintained in all daughter cells is the {{c1::initiator}} mutation
Published	01/23/2025	Loss of function mutations of DNA Repair genes leads to the {{c1::mutator phenotype}} and genomic instability
Published	01/23/2025	Tumors that synthesize growth factors that they are responsive to make an {{c1::autocrine loop}}
Published	01/23/2025	Point mutations in ERBB1 leads to {{c1::lung adenocarcinomas}}
Published	01/23/2025	ERBB1 encodes for {{c1::EGFR}}
Published	01/23/2025	ERBB2 encodes for the {{c1::HER2 Receptor}}
Published	01/23/2025	Gene amplification of ERBB2 leads to {{c1::Breast Carcinomas}}
Published	01/23/2025	Gene translocation/fusion of ALK/EML4 leads to {{c1::Lung Adenocarcinoma}}
Published	01/23/2025	The most common oncogene are {{c1::RAS mutations}}
Published	01/23/2025	Chromsome translocation and fusion between 9 and 22 leads to {{c1::chronic myelogenous leukemia}}
Published	01/23/2025	Chromosome translocation/fusion betwee 8 and 14 leads to {{c1::Burkitt Lymphoma}}
Published	01/23/2025	The most commonly involved oncogenic transcriptions factor is {{c1::MYC}}
Published	01/23/2025	Mutations of T53 lead to {{c1::Li-Fraumeni}} Syndrome
Published	01/23/2025	MDM2 is a protein that targets {{c1::p53}} for degradation
Published	01/23/2025	HPV that makes E6 protein will bind to {{c1::p53}}
Published	01/23/2025	CDK2NA encodes for {{c1::p14/ARF}} tumor suppressors
Published	01/23/2025	CDKN1A encodes for {{c1::p21}}
Published	01/23/2025	GADD45 enhances {{c1::DNA Repair}}
Published	01/23/2025	The mutator phenotype is the tendency to acquire additional {{c1::mutations}} at a high rate
Published	01/23/2025	B-Catenin/TCF Complex increase growth of colon cells by increasing {{c1::MYC/Cyclin D}}
Published	01/23/2025	Wounds/Tissue Injury leads to proliferation via disruption of {{c1::E-Cadherin/B-Catenin}} binding
Published	01/23/2025	Germline loss of function of APC gene causes {{c1::Familial adenomatous polyposis}}
Published	01/23/2025	Germ line loss of function of E-Cadeherin CDH1 gene causes {{c1::Familial gastric carcinoma}}
Published	01/23/2025	In cervical cancers p16 is silenced via gene {{c1::hypermethylation}} rather than mutation
Published	01/23/2025	PTEN mutations cause {{c1::Cowden Syndrome}}
Published	01/23/2025	Mutation of NF1 gene causes a mutant Neurofibromin to leave {{c1::RAS}} constantly on
Published	01/23/2025	NF2 mutations of both alleles lead to an abnormal {{c1::merlin}} protien and decreased cell-cell contact
Published	01/23/2025	Loss of PATCHED proteins leads to unopposed {{c1::Hedgehog}} Signaling
Published	01/23/2025	VHL protein is a {{c1::ubiquitin ligase}} that targets HIF1a
Published	01/23/2025	Familial adenomatous polyposis inheritance is {{c1::autosomal dominant}}
Published	01/23/2025	Familial gastric carcinoma inheritance is {{c1::autosomal dominant}}
Published	01/23/2025	Familial melanoma is caused by germline loss of function mutations of {{c1::CDK2NA}} gene
Published	01/23/2025	Loss of function mutations in WT1 gene cause {{c1::Wilm's Tumor}}
Published	01/23/2025	Germline Loss of function mutation of PTCH1 causes {{c1::Gorlin's Syndrome}}
Published	01/23/2025	RTKs influence the Warburg effect by phosphorylating pyruvate kinase {{c1::M2}} isoform
Published	01/23/2025	MYC contributes to the Warburg Effect by producing {{c1::glutaminase}} and increasing glutamine utilization
Published	01/23/2025	Caspase 8 can activate the intrinsic pathway by activating {{c1::BID}}
Published	01/23/2025	Immunoglobuling Heavy chain gene is found on Chromosome {{c1::14q32}}
Published	01/23/2025	BCL2 gene is located on Chromosome {{c1::18q21}}
Published	01/23/2025	Follicular B Cell lymphomas are caused by {{c1::BCL2}} being translocated onto the Immunoglobulin heavy chain gene
Published	01/23/2025	After a cell divison both daughter cells remain stem cells the division is called {{c1::symmetric division}}
Published	01/23/2025	Bevacizumab neutralizes {{c1::VEGF}}
Published	01/23/2025	Apoptosis stimulated by loss of adhesion is called {{c1::anoikis}}
Published	01/23/2025	Cell adhesion molecule {{c1::CD 44}} is used by tumors to migrate and invade lymphoid tissue
Published	01/23/2025	Prostatic carcinoma preferentially spreads to {{c1::bone}}
Published	01/23/2025	bronchogenic carcinomas preferentially spread to {{c1::adrenals/brain}}
Published	01/23/2025	neuroblastomas preferentially spread to {{c1::liver/bone}}
Published	01/23/2025	EBNA is a tumor antigen created by {{c1::EBV}}
Published	01/23/2025	E6/E7 proteins in cervical cancer are created by {{c1::HPV}}
Published	01/23/2025	X-Linked Lymphoproliferative Syndrome is caused by mutation in the {{c1::SAP}} adaptor protein in NK/T-Cell signaling
Published	01/23/2025	The hallmark of genomic instability caused by loss of mismatch repair is {{c1::microsatellite}} instability
Published	01/23/2025	Heriditary Nonpolyposis Colon Cancer Syndrome (HNPCC) is caused by a defective {{c1::mismatch repair}} system
Published	01/23/2025	Xeroderma Pigmentosa is a caused by a defect in {{c1::Nucleotide Excision Repair}} system
Published	01/23/2025	UV light will cause crosslinking of {{c1::pyrimidines}} that activate nucleotide excision repair
Published	01/23/2025	SNAIL/TWIST oncogenes promote the {{c1::epithelial-mesenchymal transition}} key for metastasis
Published	01/23/2025	{{c1::M2}} type macrophages are abundant with metastasis of tumors
Published	01/23/2025	The most common cause of Burkitt Lymphoma is a translocation of {{c1::MYC(8q24)/Ig Heavy Chain (14q32)}}
Published	01/23/2025	the BCR-ABL Fusion gene t(9:22) is also called the {{c1::Philadelphia Chromosome}} characteristic of CML
Published	01/23/2025	Treatment for APML is {{c1::all trans Retinoic Acid}} which binds to PML-RARa and displaces transcription repressors
Published	01/23/2025	Mantle Cell Lymphoma is caused by the translocation of {{c1::t(11;14)(q13;q32)}}
Published	01/23/2025	Follicular Lymphoma is caused by the translocation of {{c1::t(14;18)(q32;q21)}}
Published	01/23/2025	Ewing Sarcoma is caused by the translocation {{c1::t(11;22)(q24;q12)}}
Published	01/23/2025	Prostatic adenocarcinoma is caused by either translocations {{c1::t(7;21)(p22;q22)/t(17;21)(p21;q22)}}
Published	01/23/2025	Deletions of {{c1::13q14}} can cause Retinoblastoma due to loss of RB gene
Published	01/23/2025	Deletion of {{c1::3p}} can cause Renal Cell Carcinoma due to loss of VHL
Published	01/23/2025	Neuroblastomas are caused by gene amplification of {{c1::NYMC}} 25-30% of cases
Published	01/23/2025	When a chromsome breaks into small peices and is poorly repaired causing rearrangements its called {{c1::chromothrypsis}}
Published	01/23/2025	miR-200 and miR-155 are {{c1::OncomiRs}} that repress Tumor Suppressors
Published	01/23/2025	Direct acting chemical carcinogens do not require {{c1::metabolic conversion}} to be carcinogenic
Published	01/23/2025	Aflatoxin B1 produced by aspergillus causes a {{c1::Arg to Ser}} substitution at codon 249 of TP53 gene
Published	01/23/2025	All chemical carcinogens are {{c1::electrophiles}}
Published	01/23/2025	Promoters cause initiated cells to {{c1::proliferate}}
Published	01/23/2025	The range of UV light most implicated in skin cancers is {{c1::UVB (280-320nm)}}
Published	01/23/2025	HTLV-1 causes T-Cell lymphoma through the actions of the protein {{c1::Tax}}
Published	01/23/2025	Genital warts are most commonly associated with {{c1::HPV-6/11}}
Published	01/23/2025	TERT is the catalytic subunit of {{c1::Telomerase}}
Published	01/23/2025	The oncogenic proteins of HPV are {{c1::E6/E7}}
Published	01/23/2025	HPV E6 are likely to bind and degrade {{c1::Arg72}} of TP53 individuals
Published	01/23/2025	EBV product LMP-1 acts like a constitutively active {{c1::CD40}}
Published	01/23/2025	EBV product EBNA-2 acts like a constitutively active {{c1::Notch Receptor}}
Published	01/23/2025	Burkitt Lymphoma B-Cells can be distinuished from EBV lymphomas because they do not express {{c1::LMP-1/EBNA-2}}
Published	01/23/2025	Nasopharyngeal carcinomas will have elvated titers of antibodies to {{c1::viral caspid antigens}}
Published	01/23/2025	{{c1::Benign}} endocrine tumors are most likely to produce hormones
Published	01/23/2025	The most common endocrinopathy is {{c1::cushing syndrome}}
Published	01/23/2025	The most common paraneoplastic syndrome is {{c1::hypercalcemia}}
Published	01/23/2025	hypercalcemia due to primary/secondary involvement of the skeleton is not a {{c1::paraneoplastic syndrome}}
Published	01/23/2025	The most common lung neoplasm associated with hypercalcemia is {{c1::squamous cell carcinoma}}
Published	01/23/2025	Migratory Thrombophlebitis (Trousseau Syndrome) is most common in {{c1::Pancreas/Lung}} carcinomas
Published	01/23/2025	DIC is most commonly associated with {{c1::acute myelocytic leukemia/prostatic adenocarcinoma}}
Published	01/23/2025	PML-RARA fusion gene is characteristic of {{c1::acute promyelocytic leukemia}}
Published	01/23/2025	BCR-ABL fusion gene is characteristic of {{c1::chronic myelogenous leukemia}}
Published	01/23/2025	The most common large scale analysis of RNA expression is {{c1::DNA microarrays}}
Published	01/23/2025	The tumor biomarker used to screen for testicular tumors is {{c1::human chorionic gonadotropin}}
Published	01/23/2025	Ovarian tumors use {{c1::CA-125}} as a tumor biomarker
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