Notes in Exam I

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Published 01/07/2025 Total body water (TBW) changes with other body changes. As an animal ages, TBW {{c1::decreases}}. As an animal gains body fat, TBW {{c1::decrease…
Published 01/07/2025 What ECM component holds a lot of water?
Published 01/07/2025 What are the 5 primary methods of water intake in animals?
Published 01/07/2025 What are the 5 primary means of water loss in animals?
Published 01/07/2025 Describe the 60/40/20 rule for body water distribution
Published 01/07/2025 The levels of solutes in intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid differs.Intracellular fluid is high in {{c1::potassium}} and {{c1::pho…
Published 01/07/2025 How does osmolarity relate to molarity?
Published 01/09/2025 What's the difference between osmolarity and tonicity?
Published 01/09/2025 What is the molar mass of NaCl?
Published 01/09/2025 What is the normal osmotic pressure of plasma?
Published 01/09/2025 {{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2602:top=.0321:width=.2107:height=.0696:oi=1}}
Published 01/09/2025 {{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.276:top=.0015:width=.2102:height=.0672:oi=1}}
Published 01/09/2025 {{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2967:top=.0227:width=.1687:height=.0696:oi=1}}
Published 01/09/2025 As nephron loop length increases, filtration rate {{c1::decreases}}, and concentration of urine {{c1::increases}}. As nephron loop length decreas…
Published 01/09/2025 What are the three capillary networks associated with a nephron loop?
Published 01/09/2025 What are the four movements/steps of urine formation in a nephron?
Published 01/15/2025 Different groups of substances are handled differently in the kidney. Filtrates like {{c1::creatinine}} are {{c2::filtered only}}. Filtrates…
Published 01/15/2025 What is a good substance to measure filtration rate and why?
Published 01/15/2025 What kinds of substances have a high reabsorption rate?
Published 01/19/2025 What kind of substances have low nephron reabsorption?
Published 01/15/2025 Drug and foreign substances have {{c1::low}} tubular reabsorption and {{c1::high}} tubular secretion 
Published 01/15/2025 What are the three layers of the glomerular capillary membrane?
Published 01/15/2025 {{c1::Podocytes}} cover the outer aspect of {{c2::glomerular capillary basement membrane}}. They have selective permeability meaning that they ar…
Published 01/15/2025 {{c1::Negatively}} charged molecules are filitered {{c2::less}} easily than {{c1::positively}} charged molecules of the same molecular weigh…
Published 01/15/2025 Small substances are {{c1::filtered}} regardless of charge and size, while large molecules have {{c1::low filterability}} making charge a fa…
Published 01/15/2025 {{c1::Mesangial cells}} are modified smooth muscle cells that expand and contract in response to vasoactive agents regulating {{c2:: the rate of glome…
Published 01/15/2025 What is the term for the balance of hydrostatic and osmotic pressures, creating the net filtration pressure?
Published 01/15/2025 {{c1::Osmotic pressure}} is the {{c2::pressure needed to stop the net movement of water across a permeable membrane}}{{c1::Oncotic pressure}} is …
Published 01/15/2025 Blood flow to the kidneys is much higher than to any other organ. What are reasons for this other than to deliever oxygen and nutrients?
Published 01/15/2025 {{c1::Autoregulation}} prevents large changes in GFR and renal excretion
Published 01/15/2025 What are the two renal flow autoregulation mechanisms and what do they do?
Published 01/15/2025 Rather than responding to "flow", what does the macula densa respond to?
Published 01/15/2025 What are the two components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
Published 01/21/2025 Low tubular {{c1::NaCl}} usually results from excessive reabsorption due to low {{c2::GFR}}
Published 01/15/2025 When GFR is low, sodium levels in the filtrate are low. {{c1::macula densa}} cells respond by releasing {{c2::prostaglandin E2}} to trigger the r…
Published 01/19/2025 Within the neprhron, elevated {{c1::GFR}} and filtrate {{c1::Na+}} causes Renin release to {{c2::decrease}}
Published 01/15/2025 When an excessive GFR occurs, macula densa cells locally release {{c1::adenosine}}, which {{c2::constricts the afferent arterioles}} to redu…
Published 01/15/2025 {{c1::Renin}} catalyzes the formation of {{c2::angiotensin I}} which is converted into {{c2::angiotensin II}} by {{c2::ACE}}
Published 01/17/2025 What are the actions of angiotensin II?
Published 01/15/2025 Where does angiotensinogen come from, and what is responsible for its conversion to angiotensin I? 
Published 01/15/2025 {{c1::Transcellular}}: transport through cells{{c1::Paracellular}}: transport between cell junctions
Published 01/15/2025 What are the two categories for movement across a membrane?
Published 01/17/2025 What does the Na+/K+ ATPase pump to the inside and outside of the cell?
Published 01/15/2025 How does Na+ reabsorption promote reabsorption of other molecules?
Published 01/15/2025 Proteins that escaped glomerular capillary barrier will be absorbed by {{c1::endocytosis}} in the proximal tubule
Published 01/15/2025 When the filtered load of any substance exceeds the capacity to reabsorb it, urinary excretion of these substances {{c1::increases}}
Published 01/15/2025 Substances that are passively reabsorbed do not have a {{c1::transport maximum}} that controls their rate of reabsorption. An example is {{c…
Published 01/17/2025 {{c1::Secretion}}: movement from peritubular blood to tubular fluid{{c1::Excretion}}: removal of solutes and water from body via urine
Published 01/15/2025 Selectivity tends to {{c1::increase}} as filtrate moves through the renal system 
Published 01/15/2025 The brush border of the proximal tubule epithelial cells is designed for increased {{c1::permeability}} and {{c1::reabsorption}}
Published 01/15/2025 The majority of {{c1::solutes}} and {{c1::water}} are reabsorbed before they reach {{c2::the loop of Henle}}
Published 01/17/2025 In the proximal convoluted tubule, what are the two primary methods of resorbing solutes?
Published 01/15/2025 Within the loop of henle, different portions have different water permeability. The thin descending loop is {{c1::highly permeable, and a primary site…
Published 01/19/2025 What four hormones are responsible for regulating resorption in the DCT?
Published 01/15/2025 Increased aldosterone causes increased {{c1::ion}} resorption. Increased ADH causes increased {{c1::water}} resorption.
Published 01/15/2025 Within the collecting duct {{c1::urea}} is {{c2::resorbed}}, and {{c1::hydrogen ions}} are {{c2::secreted}}. (filtrates)
Published 01/15/2025 {{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0196:top=.1447:width=.2112:height=.1097:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.7903:top=.1562:width=.1699:height=.148…
Published 01/17/2025 The flow of filtrates in the early and late distal tubule differs. In the early DCT, {{c1::many ions are resorbed}}. In the late DCT, Principal cells …
Published 01/15/2025 {{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0066:top=.1818:width=.1938:height=.1356}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0059:top=.3655:width=.1938:height=.1356}}{{…
Published 01/17/2025 Define renal clearance
Published 01/17/2025 What is azotemia?
Published 01/17/2025 Describe the chain of events following pre-renal azotemia, and how it affects BUN and Cr
Published 01/17/2025 Describe the chain of events following renal azotemia, and how it affects BUN and Cr
Published 01/17/2025 If left unresolved, post-renal azotemia will eventually lead to {{c1::nephron death}}, and ultimately {{c1::renal azotemia}}.
Published 01/17/2025 As urine descends the nephron loop, water is osmotically pulled into the medullary space, which would decrease tonicity of the medulla. How does …
Published 01/17/2025 What pressure pulls water from renal interstitial fluid into the vasa recta? How does this affect the osmolarity of the renal medulla?
Published 01/17/2025 {{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5925:top=.1406:width=.0942:height=.0708:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.8:top=.1442:width=.0902:height=.066:oi…
Published 01/19/2025 During normal conditions, if {{c3::plasma osmolarity climbs}}, it is detected by {{c1::the hypothalamus}}. This causes {{c2::release of ADH}}, and sti…
Published 01/17/2025 What causes short vs. long term quenching of the thirst response?
Published 01/17/2025 What is obligatory urine volume? How is it calculated?
Published 01/18/2025 Potassium is maintained at a {{c1::low}} level in the blood normally. As such, kidneys need to react quickly if blood levels {{c1::rise}}.
Published 01/18/2025 Phosphate reabsorption is driven by active transport, which means it has a {{c1::transport maximum}}. As such, excess phosphate will always be {{c2::e…
Published 01/18/2025 As blood pressure rises, two systemic responses occur. Pressure {{c1::natriuresis}} is indicated by increased {{c2::sodium}} excretion. Pressure …
Published 01/21/2025 What are the three states of the bicarbonate buffer system?
Published 01/21/2025 To successfully excrete a hydrogen from the urine, it must be bound to a {{c1::phosphate}}. It can also be bount to {{c1::bicarbonate}}, assuming it i…
Published 01/21/2025 The most effective method of removing acid from the blood is via {{c1::respiration}}
Published 01/21/2025 What are the two methods of generating new bicarbonate from the kidneys?
Published 01/21/2025 As blood CO2 increases, blood pH {{c1::drops}}. The inverse is also true
Published 01/22/2025 {{c1::Anion Gap}} is the gap between {{c2::measured cations}} and {{c2::measured anions}}, and it can help narrow down causes of {{c3::…
Published 01/22/2025 With {{c1::increased anion gap (normochloremia)}}, something acidic was ingested, and the chloride levels remain normal because {{c2::the acids p…
Published 01/22/2025 Changes in anion gap are used to distinguish between causes of metabolic acidosis due to {{c1::titration of bicarbonate}} or {{c1::loss of b…
Published 01/22/2025 Osmotic diuretics {{c1::increase}} osmotic pressure of tubular fluid which {{c1::decreases}} reabsorption of water.
Published 01/22/2025 Loop diuretics {{c2::inhibit the Na+/K+/Cl- co-transporter}}. This diuretic decreases {{c3::active reabsorption of solutes}}, {{c3::rea…
Published 01/22/2025 Thiazide diuretics inhibit the {{c1::Na+/Cl- co-transporter}}. This diuretic decreases {{c2::Na+ reabsorption}} and {{c2::water reabsor…
Published 01/22/2025 Sodium channel blockers are {{c1::potassium}} sparing diuretics. They cause inhibited sodium {{c2::reabsorption}} and potassium {{c2::s…
Published 01/22/2025 Aldosterone competitive inhibitors are {{c1::potassium sparing diuretics}}, and they are {{c1::mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists}}. The…
Published 01/22/2025 Carbonic anhydrase inhibtors cause decreased {{c1::carbonic anhydrase}} resulting in decreased {{c2::H+ formation}}, {{c2::Na+ rea…
Published 01/22/2025 {{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.613:top=.1343:width=.2909:height=.0563:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.506:top=.2762:width=.4647:height=.0653:…
Published 01/24/2025 Common clinical signs/diagnostic results seen with chronic kidney disease, not acute kidney injury, include {{c1::weight loss/poor body condition…
Published 01/24/2025 Acute kidney injuries fall into one of the following categories:{{c1::prerenal}}- abnormality originating outside the kidneys{{c1::intrarenal}}- abnor…
Published 01/24/2025 At 35% of original nephron mass, {{c1::ability to concentrate/dilute urine is impaired}}. At 25% of original nephron mass, {{c1::azotemia de…
Published 01/24/2025 A normal GFR is {{c1::100-120}}. A GFR of {{c1::less than 90}} for longer than 3 months is indicative of chronic kidney disease. 
Published 01/24/2025 {{c1::Central diabetes insipitus}} is the failure to {{c2::produce ADH}}, while {{c1::nephrogenic diabetes insipitus}} is the failure of {{c…
Published 01/24/2025 Describe how CKD can result in renal osteodystrophy.
Published 01/24/2025 How can CKD lead to anemia?
Published 01/24/2025 Diabetes mellitus is a common cause of CKD because {{c1::excess glucose adheres to the efferent arteriole}} causing it to become stiff and narrow…
Published 01/24/2025 Hypertension can lead to CKD because:The increased blood pressure causes the walls of the {{c1::afferent arteriole}} to thicken and narrow. …
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