Notes in Case 2: Hyperthyroidism

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Published	02/17/2024	Of the following steps in thyroid hormone synthesis, TSH regulates {{c1::all of them}}
Published	02/17/2024	Which thyroid hormone is more active?{{c1::T3::T3 or T4}}
Published	02/17/2024	What is the main thyroid hormone that is secreted? {{c1::T4::T3 or T4}}
Published	02/17/2024	Thyroid hormones are synthesized by the {{c1::follicular epithelial}} cells of the thyroid gland
Published	02/17/2024	Thyroglobulin synthesis (as part of thyroid hormone synthesis) occurs in the {{c1::RER}} and {{c1::Golgi apparatus}} of the thyroid follicular cells
Published	02/17/2024	Thyroid peroxidase and 5'-deiodinase may be inhibited by {{c1::propylthiouracil (PTU)}}, which is used therapeutically for the treatment of {{c2::hype…
Published	02/17/2024	{{c1::5'-deiodinase::Enzyme}} is inhibited by glucocorticoids, β-blockers, and PTU
Published	02/17/2024	{{c1::Thyroid peroxidase}} is inhibited by methimazole and PTU
Published	02/17/2024	Why is much more T4 produced compared to T3?{{c1::The coupling reaction for T4 is much faster}}
Published	02/23/2024	What three steps does thyroid peroxidase catalyze during the synthesis of thyroid hormones? 1. {{c1::Oxidation (I- to I2)}} 2. {{c1::Organification …
Published	02/17/2024	When the thyroid gland is stimulated, iodinated thyroglobulin is {{c1::endocytosed}} into the follicular epithelial cells
Published	02/17/2024	After release from iodinated thyroglobulin, T4 and T3 enter the {{c1::systemic circulation}}
Published	02/17/2024	Once in target tissues, the enzyme {{c1::5'-deiodinase}} converts {{c3::T4}} to {{c3::T3}} by removing one atom of iodine; a certain portion is also c…
Published	02/17/2024	What effect does increased TBG levels have on thyroid hormone secretion?{{c1::Increases secretion}}
Published	02/17/2024	Which thyroid disorder causes hyperexcitability, hyperreflexia, and irritability in adulthood?{{c1::Hyperthyroidism}}
Published	02/17/2024	Which thyroid imbalance may present as a goiter? {{c1::Both hyper and hypothyroidism}}
Published	02/17/2024	Which thyroid imbalance presents with increased heat production (heat intolerance) and increased sweating?{{c1::Hyperthyroidism}}
Published	02/17/2024	Which thyroid imbalance presents with weight loss and increased appetite?{{c1::Hyperthyroidism}}
Published	02/17/2024	Which thyroid imbalance presents with hyperdefecation / diarrhea?{{c1::Hyperthyroidism}}
Published	02/17/2024	Which thyroid imbalance presents with increased reflexes?{{c1::Hyperthyroidism}}
Published	02/17/2024	Which thyroid imbalance presents with tachycardia, palpitations, and arrhythmias?{{c1::Hyperthyroidism}}
Published	02/17/2024	Which thyroid imbalance presents with proximal muscle weakness and normal creatine kinase?{{c1::Hyperthyroidism}}
Published	02/17/2024	What type of goiter is associated with Graves disease?{{c1::Diffuse goiter}}
Published	02/17/2024	{{c1::Thyroid storm (thyrotoxic crisis)}} is a serious complication that occurs when hyperthyroidism is untreated and worsened in the setting of acute…
Published	02/23/2024	What are the "4 P's" used to treat thyroid storm? 1. {{c1::Propranolol::β-blocker}} 2. {{c1::Propylthiouracil (PTU)::Antithyroid agent}} 3. {{c1::Pre…
Published	02/17/2024	A(n) {{c1::toxic}} multinodular goiter occurs when a multinodular goiter has hyperfunctioning follicular cells that work independently of TSH, causing…
Published	02/17/2024	Which thyroid imbalance is associated with warm, moist skin and fine hair?{{c1::Hyperthyroidism}}
Published	02/17/2024	What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in regions where iodine levels are adequate?{{c1::Hashimoto thyroiditis}}
Published	02/17/2024	Riedel thyroiditis presents as a(n) "{{c1::hard as wood}}", {{c2::nontender::tender or non-tender}} goiter
Published	02/17/2024	The {{c2::Wolff-Chaikoff}} effect is the inhibition of thyroid peroxidase by excess {{c1::iodine}}
Published	02/17/2024	β-blockers are used to treat {{c1::thyrotoxicosis (thyroid storm)::endocrine disorder}} by blocking the hyperadrenergic symptoms
Published	02/17/2024	β-blockers (e.g. propranolol) can block peripheral conversion of T4 into T3 by inhibiting {{c1::5'-deiodinase}}
Published	02/17/2024	Which thyroid imbalance presents with onycholysis?{{c1::Hyperthyroidism}}
Published	02/17/2024	Which thyroid imbalance presents with lid lag / retraction?{{c1::Hyperthyroidism}}
Published	02/17/2024	Which thyroid imbalance presents with abnormal uterine bleeding and infertility?{{c1::Both hyper and hypothyroidism}}
Published	02/17/2024	Which thyroid imbalance may present with decreased libido?{{c1::Both hyper and hypothyroidism}}
Published	02/17/2024	Which thyroid imbalance presents with hyperactivity, restlessness, and insomnia?{{c1::Hyperthyroidism}}
Published	02/17/2024	Which thyroid imbalance presents with anxiety?{{c1::Hyperthyroidism}}
Published	02/17/2024	Which thyroid imbalance presents with chest pain and systolic hypertension?{{c1::Hyperthyroidism}}
Published	02/17/2024	Which thyroid imbalance presents with decreased TSH (if 1°) and increased free T3 / T4?{{c1::Hyperthyroidism}}
Published	02/17/2024	Which thyroid imbalance presents with osteoporosis / increased fracture rate?{{c1::Hyperthyroidism}}
Published	02/17/2024	What RAIU scan finding is seen in Graves disease?{{c1::Diffuse uptake}}
Published	02/17/2024	{{c1::Thyroiditis::Thyroiditis or Graves/Goiter}} = release of preformed hormone{{c1::Graves/Goiter::Thyroiditis or Graves/Goiter}} = overproduction o…
Published	02/17/2024	Hyperthyroidism, {{c2::diffuse::type}} goiter, exophthalamos and pretibial myxedema is suggestive of {{c1::Graves disease::condition}}
Published	02/17/2024	What is the most common thyroid nodularity?{{c1::Multinodular goiter}}*bonus: why?
Published	02/17/2024	What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism (endemic goiter) worldwide?{{c1::Iodine deficiency}}
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