Notes in 05RespiDiseases

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Larynx}} - Anatomical landmark delineating the upper and lower respiratory tracts
Published	07/30/2024	The traceobronchial tree is divided into the {{c1::conducting airways}} and the {{c1::respiratory unit}}
Published	07/30/2024	The tracheobronchial tree reaches {{c1::24::N}} generations/levels of branching to reach the respiratory unit
Published	07/30/2024	The tracheobronchial tree reaches {{c1::28::N}} generations/levels of branching to reach the Alveoli
Published	07/30/2024	The tracheobronchial tree reaches {{c1::21-22::N}} generations/levels of branching to reach the Non-respiratory bronchioles
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Respiratory Membrane}} - Location of gas exchange between air and blood
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve}} - Shows relationship between {{c2::partial pressure of O2 in mmHg}} and {{c2::oxyhemoglobin saturation in per…
Published	07/30/2024	[Salient points about the Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve]if pressure drops from {{c2::90}} → {{c2::60 or 50}} mmHg, the oxyhemoglobin saturation wil…
Published	07/30/2024	[Salient points about the Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve]Partial pressure below {{c1::60}} mmHg causes rapid decrease in amount of O2 bound to hemog…
Published	07/30/2024	[Salient points about the Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve]{{c1::P50}} - Represents partial pressure at which hemoglobin is 50% saturated with oxygen.…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Carbon dioxide::Chemical}} is a major chemical regulator of breathing
Published	07/30/2024	Low blood levels of oxygen can stimulate chemoreceptors in the {{c1::carotid}} and {{c1::aortic bodies}}
Published	07/30/2024	Chemoreceptors in the {{c1::medulla oblongata::organ}} respond to change in blood pH
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hering-Breuer}} Reflex inhibits the respiratory center when the lungs are stretched during inspiration
Published	07/30/2024	FEV starts decreasing at age {{c1::18}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::lower airways::structure}} of the respiratory system is most affected by aging
Published	07/30/2024	Lung functions tends to {{c1::decrease::inc/dec}} post-operatively
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. How recent an operation was performed 2. Risk of developing atelectiasis{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Normal Anterior-posterior (AP) to lateral diameter ration: {{c1::1:2}}
Published	07/30/2024	What manifestations do you look for when inspecting the...Nose - {{c1::Alar flaring}}
Published	07/30/2024	What manifestations do you look for when inspecting the...Neck - {{c1::Inflammed or missing lymph nodes}}
Published	07/30/2024	What manifestations do you look for when inspecting the...Thorax and lungs - {{c1::Assymetry or lagging of chest wall}}
Published	07/30/2024	What manifestations do you look for when inspecting/palpating the...Thorax and lungs - {{c1::Assymetry or lagging of chest wall and any tenderness, or…
Published	07/30/2024	In chest percussion for respiratory examination, a {{c1::tympanic}} note suggests {{c3::gas-filled::adjective}} organs such as in {{c2::pneumothorax::…
Published	07/30/2024	In chest percussion for respiratory examination, a {{c1::flat}} note suggests {{c2::dense::adjective}} tissue
Published	07/30/2024	[Position/Area to auscultate breath sound]Bronchial/Tracheal Sound - {{c1::Tracheal area only in the anterior midline chest::Area and if it can b…
Published	07/30/2024	[Position/Area to auscultate breath sound]Bronchovesicular Sound - {{c1::right/left mainstem bronchus, likewise appreciated in the posterior area…
Published	07/30/2024	[Position/Area to auscultate breath sound]Vesicular Sound - {{c1::Chest, axilla, and interscapular areas, likewise appreciated in the posterior a…
Published	07/30/2024	Wheezing usually heard at the {{c1::lower bronchioles::organ}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pulse Oximetry::Diagnostic Test}} - May determine the oxygen saturation
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)::Diagnostic Test}} - Determine the oxygenation, ventilatory status, and acid base status
Published	07/30/2024	Normal PaO2 - {{c1::80-100}} mmHg
Published	07/30/2024	Normal PaCO2 - {{c1::35-45}} mmHg
Published	07/30/2024	Normal O2 Saturation - {{c1::95-100}}%
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Spirometry::Diagnostic Test}} - Gold standard in diagnosis of obstructing lung diseases (e.g. asthma, COPD)
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Endobronchial Ultrasound (EBUS)::Diagnostic Test}} - Through which we can perform direct biopsy for lung cancer
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Flexible/Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy::Diagnostic Test}} - A tube is inserted through the nose/ mouth down the throat to the airways to determine ble…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Chest Ultrasound::Diagnostic Test}} - Determine fluid in the lungs and check for complications (pneumothorax) of thoracocentesis
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Cardio-pulmonary Exercise (CPEX)::Diagnostic Test}} - The patient is asked to use a stationary bike while their oxygen saturation is being monit…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) skin test::Diagnostic Test}} - Usually for patients suspected to have TB (aside from Sputum exam). Cut of…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Angiography::Diagnostic Test}} - Determines obstruction in blood flow or presence of clot in patients using a dye
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Thoracentesis::Diagnostic Test}} - Needle is inserted {{c2::above::above/below}} the rib. Ultrasound is done beforehand to guide the needle to r…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Chest Tube Insertion::Diagnostic Test}} - Plastic drain is inserted into the pleural cavityIf lungs contain fluid (pleural effusion), insert the…
Published	07/30/2024	Total Lung Capacity - {{c1::5 to 6}} Liters
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Obstructive Sleep Apnea}} - Characterized by frequent and loud snoring with breathing cessation for {{c2::10}}s or more for {{c2::5}} episo…
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] OSA prevalence 1. Males 2. Females{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Polysomnography (PSG)/sleep studies::Diagnostic Test}} - gold standard in diagnosis of OSA
Published	07/30/2024	OSA is associated with {{c1::obesity::most important risk factor}} and other conditions that reduce pharyngeal tone
Published	07/30/2024	4 General Pathophysiological Complication in untreated long-term OSA{{c1::1. Left heart failure2. Unexplained nocturnal death3. Hypertension (Pul…
Published	07/30/2024	General manifestations of {{c1::OSA}}{{c2::Excessive daytime sleepinessFrequent nocturnal awakeningLoud snoringMorning headachesIntellectual deteriora…
Published	07/30/2024	How to increase upper airway muscle tone in moderate-severe OSA{{c1::tricyclics}}
Published	07/30/2024	How to increase upper airway muscle tone in mild-moderate OSA{{c1::Avoid alcohol and sedatives}}
Published	07/30/2024	How to increase upper airway lumen size in mild-moderate OSA{{c1::weight reduction, avoiding supine position, and oral prosthesis}}
Published	07/30/2024	How to increase upper airway lumen size in moderate-severe OSA{{c1::UPPP (uvulopalatopharyngoplasty)}}
Published	07/30/2024	How to decrease upper airway sub-atmospheric pressure in moderate-severe OSA{{c1::Nasal CPAP}}
Published	07/30/2024	How to decrease upper airway sub-atmospheric pressure in mild-moderate OSA{{c1::modifying position}}
Published	07/30/2024	How to bypass the occlusion in OSA{{c1::tracheostomy}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Community-acquired Pneumonia (CAP)::Type of pneumonia based from site of acquisition}} - Acquired outside the healthcare environment
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hospital-acquired/Nosocomial pneumonia (HAP)::Type of pneumonia based from site of acquisition}} - Secondary to ventilator use (ventilator-…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Aspiration pneumonia::Type of pneumonia based from site of acquisition}} - Aspiration of food, fluid, oropharyngeal secretions, or anything
Published	07/30/2024	Required signs before Ward admission for Community-acquired pneumonia (Moderate Risk): RR{{c1::=> 30/min}}PR{{c1::=> 125/min…
Published	07/30/2024	Required signs before ICU admission for Community-acquired pneumonia (High Risk) includes any of the manifestations for ward admission and:{{c1::Sever…
Published	07/30/2024	Pathophysiology of Pneumonia{{c1::Aspiration of Streptococcus Pneumonia}}{{c1::Release of bacterial Endotoxins}}{{c1::Inflammatory response}}{{c1::Red…
Published	07/30/2024	Main manifestations of pneumonia:{{c1::FeverCoughShortness of breath}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Chest X-ray::Diagnostic Test}} - The first and most simple general test for pneumonia, COVID-19, TB, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, cardiac tam…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Sputum gram stain, culture & sensitivity::Diagnostic Test}} - Documents microbiologic profile and antimicrobial sensitivity in pneumonia
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Antigen detection in urine::Diagnostic Test}} - Necessary if etiology of pneumonia is suspected to be {{c2::Legionella}} or {{c2::microplasma}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Polymerase chain reaction and Serology::Diagnostic Test}} - Helpful in noncommon pneumonia infections like virus
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Chest CT scan::Diagnostic Study for Pneumonia}} - Done in complicated case but is not a routine test (If a mass lesion is expected)
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pleural fluid analysis::Diagnostic Study for Pneumonia}} - Done when patients develop parapneumonic effusion → aspirate
Published	07/30/2024	Main treatment for Pneumonia: {{c1::Antibiotics within the first 6-8 hours}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Mycobacterium tuberculosis}} is an {{c2::in}}tracellular acid-fast bacteria that is the most common and medically significant etiologic agent of…
Published	07/30/2024	Most common etiologic agent/s of tuberculosis for immunocompromised patients: {{c1::M. bovis and M. avium}}
Published	07/30/2024	Most common sites of transmition which cause extra-pulmonary tuberculosis: {{c1::Lymph nodes, TB Adenitis::Site and name of infection}}
Published	07/30/2024	Tuberculosis is exhibited by the formation of {{c2::granulomas}} - New tissue masses of live and dead bacilli are surrounded by macrophages which…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Cavitary::classification of tuberculosis infections by severity}} - If patient has really poor immune resistance, there will be formation o…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Miliary::classification of tuberculosis infections by severity}} - Diffused and disseminated in the lung parenchyme
Published	07/30/2024	Hallmark Manifestation of Tuberculosis: {{c1::chronic cough and hemoptysis}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hemoptysis::Manifestation of Tuberculosis}} - Coughing out blood
Published	07/30/2024	Main diagnostic test for Tuberculosis: {{c1::Sputum AFB/ MTBRIF (GENE-XPERT)}}
Published	07/30/2024	What should you look for in Chest X-ray when screening Tuberculosis?{{c1::Infiltrates}}
Published	07/30/2024	Traditional first-line agents treatment of Tuberculosis: {{c1::isoniazid (H), rifampin (R), pyrazinamide (Z) and ethambutol (E) in fixed-dos…
Published	07/30/2024	New smear (+) cases of TB{{c1::Category 1 (Regimen 1). 6-month regimen: 2 months of HRZE, 4 months of HR::Tuberculosis Category and Treatment}}
Published	07/30/2024	New seriously ill pulmonary smear (-) cases with extensive lesions on Chest X-ray assessed by the TBDC{{c1::Category 1 (Regimen 1). 6-month regimen: 2…
Published	07/30/2024	New extra-pulmonary TB{{c1::Category 1 (Regimen 1). 6-month regimen: 2 months of HRZE, 4 months of HR::Tuberculosis Category and Treatment}}
Published	07/30/2024	Concommitant HIV infection{{c1::Category 1 (Regimen 1). 6-month regimen: 2 months of HRZE, 4 months of HR::Tuberculosis Category and Treatment}}
Published	07/30/2024	Failure/Relapse cases{{c1::Category 2 (Regimen 2). 8-month regimen: 2HRZES, 1HREZ, 5HRE::Tuberculosis Category and Treatment}}
Published	07/30/2024	Return after default (smear +){{c1::Category 2 (Regimen 2). 8-month regimen: 2HRZES, 1HREZ, 5HRE::Tuberculosis Category and Treatment}}
Published	07/30/2024	Resistant cases and Others: smear (+ or -){{c1::Category 2 (Regimen 2). 8-month regimen: 2HRZES, 1HREZ, 5HRE::Tuberculosis Category and Treatment…
Published	07/30/2024	New smear (-) with minimal TB on CXR assesed by the TBDC{{c1::Category 3 (Regimen 3). 6-month regimen: 2HRZ(E), 4HR (same with categ I)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Tuberculosis needs {{c1::airborne}} precautions
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment Short-Course)}} - Free treatment given for 6 months in the PH for tuberculosis
Published	07/30/2024	When treating tuberculosis, you can give them the same antibiotic that they used in the past 3 months to enhance antibacterial action{{c1::No. As much…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pleural Effusion}} - Collection of fluid in the pleural space
Published	07/30/2024	Is pleural effusion a disease in itself?{{c1::No. Rarely a primary disease process: effusion is secondary to a previous problem (pneumonia, tuberculos…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Exudates::transudates/Exudates}} are pale yellow to cloudy to turbid appearance, can be serosanguinous due to high protein concentration and cel…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Transudates::Transudates/Exudates}} have low protein content, little or no cellular material, low specific gravity
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Transudates::Transudates/Exudates}} - Due to fluid formation, reabsorption, or permeability problem where there is imbalance in hydrostatic…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Exudates::Transudates/Exudates}} - Due to infection, malignancy
Published	07/30/2024	Can you hear breath sounds in pleural effusion?{{c1::No. Increased distance between parenchyma and rib cage::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Pleural Effusion 2. Intercostal Spaces{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	One would feel pleuritic pain in pleural effusion if the {{c1::parietal::parietal/visceral}} pleura is affected
Published	07/30/2024	Egophony is physical finding when one is experiencing {{c1::Pleural effusion}}
Published	07/30/2024	What do you do after seeing pleural effusion in a chest x-ray?Request for {{c1::ultrasound}} to determine if there is free fluid collection or for {{c…
Published	07/30/2024	Pleural Effusion Fluid analysis studies {{c1::exudates::transudates/exudates}}
Published	07/30/2024	+ Pleural Effusion Fluid AnalysisPleural fluid/serum protein: {{c1::>0.5}}Pleural fluid/serum Lactate dehydrogenase: {{c1::>0.6}}Pleural fluid L…
Published	07/30/2024	If pleural effusion is symptomatic with dyspnea you manage it with {{c1::diuretics::drug class}}
Published	07/30/2024	Is there a possibility of recurrence of pleural effusion and infection when draining pleural effusion?{{c1::YES FOR PATIENTS WITH MALIGNANT EFFUSION}}
Published	07/30/2024	Primary lung cancers are categorized into two subtypes:{{c1::NON-SMALL-CELL (NSCLC)}}{{c1::SMALL CELL (SCLC)}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Prevalence 1. Non-small cell (NSCLC) Lung cancer 2. Small cell (SCLC) Lung cancer{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Aggressiveness, growth rate, and connection to smoking 1. Non-small cell (NSCLC) Lung cancer 2. Small cell (SCLC) Lung cancer{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Connection to adenocarcinoma 1. Non-small cell (NSCLC) Lung cancer 2. Small cell (SCLC) Lung cancer{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Squamous cell origin 1. Non-small cell (NSCLC) Lung cancer 2. Small cell (SCLC) Lung cancer{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Metastasis speed 1. Non-small cell (NSCLC) Lung cancer 2. Small cell (SCLC) Lung cancer{{c1::B. To the brain}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Small cell (SCLC) Lung cancer::Non-small cell (NSCLC) Lung cancer/Small cell (SCLC) Lung cancer}} - Sometimes does not present with pulmonary ma…
Published	07/30/2024	Most important risk factor of Lung Cancer: {{c1::Smoking}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Vulnerability to Evironmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) 1. Children 2. Adults{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Pack years = {{c1::(# of packs of cigarettes smoked / day) * (# of years the person has smoked)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Most lung cancers originate from epithelium of {{c1::segmental bronchi::organ}} and {{c1::upper lobes::organ}}
Published	07/30/2024	It takes {{c1::8-10}} years for a lung tumor/malignancy to reach {{c2::1}} cm
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Lung cancer 2. Mucus secretions{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Metastasis routes of lung CA{{c1::Direct Extension::Very contiguous with the bone. Lytic lesions of the rib}}{{c1::Hematogenous}}{{c1::Lymphatics}}
Published	07/30/2024	Work-up for metastasis especially in {{c1::NSCLC}}: include CT scan for the {{c2::adrenal glands::organs}} and {{c2::liver::organs}}
Published	07/30/2024	Work-up for metastasis in {{c2::SCLC}}: automatically ask for {{c1::brain}} CT scan or cranial MRI
Published	07/30/2024	Main Manifestation of Lung Cancer: {{c1::Chronic Cough}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Superior vena cava syndrome}} - Manifestation of lung cancer seen in patients with malignancy in the {{c1::right}} lung. Obstruction in the…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Paraneoplastic syndrome}} - Manifestation of lung cancer seen in patients with electrolyte abnormality: {{c2::hyper::hypo/hyper}}calcemia, low o…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Bronchoscopy w/ biopsy::diagnostic test for Lung Cancer}} - If patient has symptoms of hemoptysis or lesion in CT scan shows that lesion is…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Chest tube with pleural biopsy::diagnostic test for Lung Cancer}} - Done if X-ray shows complete spasification or white lung, this is bette…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::MRI::diagnostic test for Lung Cancer}} - Done when metastasis is suspected in lung cancer
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Sputum cytology::diagnostic test for Lung Cancer}} - Yield is not that high but is used in remote areas
Published	07/30/2024	Lung Cancer Stages for NSCLC:{{c1::T denotes tumor size, location, and degree of invasionN indicates regional lymph node invasionM represents presence…
Published	07/30/2024	Lung Cancer Stages for SCLC:{{c1::None. Upon diagnosis, there is already metastasis so treatment can only be palliative or supportive}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cut-off stage for surgery when used to treat lung cancer: {{c1::Stage 3A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Treatment for SCLC before brain metastasis: {{c1::Prophylactic cranial radiation}}
Published	07/30/2024	If the lung tumor is in the airway, this is done to make it patent (atelectasis and collapse is resolved): {{c1::Airway stenting and Laser Therap…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pneumothorax}} - Abnormal collection of air in the pleural cavity
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax::Type of Pneumothorax}} - Happens without any basic reason
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Secondary Pneumothorax::Type of Pneumothorax}} - Secondary to a process
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Tension Pneumothorax::Type of Pneumothorax}} - When the hemodynamics are compromised. An untreated primary or secondary pneumothorax
Published	07/30/2024	Can severe pneumothorax be enough to push other organs to the contralateral side?{{c1::Yes::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	Pathognomonic Sign of Pneumothorax: {{c1::Visible Pleural Line (Main Sign) + Hyperlucency}}
Published	07/30/2024	Bottles of closed tube drainage treatment for pneumothorax should be kept {{c1::below::below/above}} the level of the heart
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS)::Treatments for Complicated Pneumothorax}} - Done especially for patients with blebs or bullae.…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pleurodesis::Treatments for Complicated Pneumothorax}} - Done for patients with recurrent pneumothorax. Involves the use of inflammatory ag…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pulmonary Embolism}} - Obstruction of the pulmonary vessels or one of its branches. Presence of a clot or thrombus within the blood vessel
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Pulmonary Embolism 2. pulmonary vascular resistance{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Pulmonary Embolism 2. {{c1::Right::R/L}} ventricular failureA
Published	07/30/2024	Hemodynamic changes in chronic pulmonary embolism{{c1::Right ventricular failureDecrease in cardiac output and systemic BPShock}}
Published	07/30/2024	Anticoagulant Treatment for pulmonary embolism: {{c1::Low Molecular Weight Heparin}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Asthma::Asthma/COPD}} - More intermittent airflow obstruction; there are exacerbations and remissions
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Asthma::Asthma/COPD}} - Improvement in airways obstruction with bronchodilators and steroids; reversible
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Asthma::Asthma/COPD}} - Broad inflammatory mediator response
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::COPD::Asthma/COPD}} - Progressively worsening airflow obstruction
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::COPD::Asthma/COPD}} - Often present in {{c2::4th-6th}} decade of life
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::COPD::Asthma/COPD}} - More neutrophilic
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::COPD::Asthma/COPD}} - Emphysema frequently found
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Airway remodeling 1. Asthma 2. COPD{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Defining feature of COPD: {{c1::Irreversible airflow limitations during forced exhalation due to loss of elastic recoil.}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Nicotine 2. SNS{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Nicotine 2. Platelet Aggregation{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Nicotine 2. Amount of functional hemoglobin{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Nicotine 2. peripheral vasoconstriction{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Nicotine 2. Production of mucus{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Nicotine 2. Hyperplasia of mucous glands{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Nicotine 2. Ciliary activity (Efficiency in handling secretions){{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	All pathophysiological changes in COPD are secondary to {{c1::noxious particles and gases (e.g. tobaccos smoke, air pollution) and subsequent inflamma…
Published	07/30/2024	4 important changes associated with COPD:{{c1::Inflammation of central airwaysPeripheral airway changes (Remodelling)Parenchymal destruction (Imbalanc…
Published	07/30/2024	COPD left untreated may cause {{c1::Cor pulmonale::R/L HF}}
Published	07/30/2024	Clinical manifestation of COPD which is a sign of hyperinflammation: {{c1::Barrel chest}}
Published	07/30/2024	What to look for in the history and PE of a COPD patient{{c1::A - Age, B – Breathlessness symptoms, C – Chronic cough, S – Smoking cigarettes}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Chest X-ray and CT Scan::Diagnostic test for COPD}} - Check signs of hyperinflation of the lungs, widened intercostal spaces, and a flattened di…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::ABG::Diagnostic test for COPD}} - Check for ventilatory and oxygen status
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::6 minute walk test::Diagnostic test for COPD}} - Determine patient’s function in terms of exercise tolerance
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::2D-echo, ECG, and Serum chemistries::Diagnostic test for COPD}} - Check for complications of right-sided HF
Published	07/30/2024	Can COPD be cured?{{c1::No. Only treated::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	Main Management methods of COPD:{{c1::Smoking Cessation and Pulmonary Rehab}}
Published	07/30/2024	Pahrmacotherapeutic Management Agents for COPD:{{c1::Bronchodilators}}{{c1::Inhaled Oral Corticosteroids::Used against inflammation}}{{c1::Phosphodies…
Published	07/30/2024	Bronchodilators for the treatment of COPD: [Also indicate if it is a reliever of a maintenance medication]{{c1::Long Acting Beta-Agonist/ Long Acting …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Bronchial Asthma}} - Chronic inflammatory disorder of airways
Published	07/30/2024	The main pathophysiology of asthma is located in the {{c1::mucosal airways}}. Interplay of inflammatory mediators: {{c2::IL-4}}, {{c2::IL-13}},  …
Published	07/30/2024	In bronchial asthma, even if a patient is stable, the changes in the airways are constantly undergoing remodeling which will lead to chronic infl…
Published	07/30/2024	Sudden bronchoconstriction is a manifestation of {{c1::Acute Inflammation::Acute Inflammation/Chronic Inflammation/Airway Remodelling}}
Published	07/30/2024	Exacerbations and Nonspecific Hyperreactivity are manifestations of {{c1::Chronic Inflammation::Acute Inflammation/Chronic Inflammation/Airw…
Published	07/30/2024	Persistent airflow obstruction is a manifestation of {{c1::Airway Remodeling::Acute Inflammation/Chronic Inflammation/Airway Remodelling}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Peak flow monitoring::Diagnostic test for Asthma}} - May be used as a substitute for PFT
Published	07/30/2024	Asthma Medications Guide: if it ends with...-ol: {{c1::Beta-agonists (Except for Terbutaline)}}-one: {{c1::Corticosteroids (Except for Terbutalin…
Published	07/30/2024	Asthma Medications Guide:Mast Cell Stabilizers: {{c1::Cromolyn, Nedocromil::2}}
Published	07/30/2024	Asthma Medications Guide:Leukotriene Antagonists: {{c1::Montelukast, Zafirlukast, Zileuton::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Salbutamol}} is the most common beta-agonist in PH
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Formoterol, Salmeterol, Indacaterol::3}} are Long Acting Beta Agonists
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Methylxanthines}} are bronchodilators, but have a very narrow therapeutic index which increase the probability of side effects.
Published	07/30/2024	Leukotriene antagonists {{c1::are not::are/are not}} stand-alone medications for asthma. They are add-ons to the treatment
Published	07/30/2024	Categories of Asthma Medications{{c1::Controllers}} - Reduce airway inflammation, control symptoms, reduce futures risks of exacerbations, reduce…
Published	07/30/2024	Categories of Asthma Medications{{c1::Relievers}} - As-needed relief of breakthrough symptomse.g. {{c2::Short-acting bronchodilators (SABA), Long…
Published	07/30/2024	Categories of Asthma Medications{{c1::Add-on Agents}} - Persistent symptoms and/or exacerbations despite optimized treatment with high dose …
Published	07/30/2024	Do not give {{c1::LABAs::medication}} alone in asthmatic patients because it may mask the chronic inflammation occurring in the patient.
Published	07/30/2024	Symptoms: None{{c1::Green (Under Control)::Asthma Action Plan Zone}}
Published	07/30/2024	Symptoms:• Coughing• Wheezing• Tightness of Chest• Shortness of Breath{{c1::Yellow (Precaution)::Asthma Action Plan Zone}}
Published	07/30/2024	Symptoms:• Constant cough or wheezing• Trouble breathing• Unable to walk, talk or play• Blue lips/fingernails (Cyanosis){{c1::Red (Danger)::Asthma Act…
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