Notes in 01a Male Reproductive System

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Published	03/19/2024	The placental hormone {{c1::human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)}} is structurally related to the TSH, FSH, and LH family - It contains an identical alp…
Published	03/19/2024	Congenital adrenal {{c1::hyperplasia}} occurs due to loss of one of the four enzymes needed for cortisol synthesis
Published	03/19/2024	The germ cells of the male gonads produce {{c1::spermatogonia}}
Published	03/19/2024	{{c3::Testosterone}} stimulates the growth and differentiation of the {{c1::wolffian}} ducts, which develop into the male {{c2::internal}} genital tra…
Published	03/19/2024	{{c1::Germ}} cells (spermatogonia) maintain the germ pool and produce primary spermatocytes
Published	03/19/2024	{{c1::Sertoli}} cells function to support and nourish developing spermatogonia
Published	03/19/2024	Which cell type of the seminiferous tubule regulates spermatogenesis?{{c1::Sertoli cells}}
Published	03/19/2024	The first stage of spermatogenesis is {{c1::DNA replication (interphase)}} of {{c2::spermatogonia}} to generate the {{c2::primary spermatocyte}}
Published	03/19/2024	After which stage of spermatogenesis does the diploid sperm become haploid?{{c1::Meiosis I (primary spermatocyte to secondary spermatocyte)}}
Published	03/19/2024	One full cycle of spermatogenesis takes {{c1::64}} days
Published	03/19/2024	Where in the testis does spermatogenesis occur?{{c1::Seminiferous tubules}}
Published	03/19/2024	What is the pathway of sperm during ejaculation?{{c1::Seminiferous tubulesEpididymisVas deferensEjaculatory ducts (receives vas deferens and seminal v…
Published	03/19/2024	The primary location for the maturation and storage of sperm is the {{c1::epididymis}}
Published	03/19/2024	Testosterone is converted to dihydrotestosterone via the enzyme {{c1::5α-reductase}}
Published	03/19/2024	Which androgen is responsible for differentiation of the external male genitalia (penis and scrotum)? {{c1::Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)}}
Published	03/19/2024	Which androgen is responsible for differentiation of the prostate?{{c1::Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)}}
Published	03/19/2024	In males, exogenous {{c1::testosterone}} causes decreased {{c2::intratesticular}} testosterone, leading to decreased testicular size and azoospermia
Published	03/19/2024	In the development of a female, the {{c1::mesonephric (wolffian)}} duct degenerates and the {{c1::paramesonephric (müllerian)}} duct develops
Published	03/19/2024	{{c1::Hypospadias}} is the abnormal opening of the penile urethra on the {{c2::ventral}} surface of the penis due to failure of urethral folds to fuse
Published	03/19/2024	The congenital penile abnormality {{c1::hypospadias}} is associated with {{c2::inguinal}} hernia and {{c2::cryptorchidism}}
Published	03/19/2024	What is the venous drainage of the left ovary/testis? {{c1::Left gonadal vein -> left renal vein -> IVC}}
Published	03/19/2024	What is the venous drainage of the right ovary/testis?{{c1::Right gonadal vein -> IVC}}
Published	03/19/2024	The {{c1::parasympathetic}} nervous system is responsible for the male erection (tumescence) via the {{c2::pelvic (S2-S4)}} nerve
Published	03/19/2024	{{c3::PDE-5}} inhibitors such as {{c1::sildenafil (viagra)}} cause decreased {{c2::cGMP}} breakdown, thus maintaining an erection
Published	03/19/2024	{{c1::Cryptorchidism}} is the failure of the testicle to descend into the scrotal sac
Published	03/19/2024	What is the effect of cryptorchidism on fertility? Why? {{c1::Decreased; spermatogenesis is impaired due to increased temperature of testis}}
Published	03/19/2024	{{c1::Testicular torsion}} occurs due to twisting of the spermatic cord over thin-walled veins of the scrotum
Published	03/19/2024	Testicular torsion causes {{c1::hemorrhagic}} infarction of the testicle
Published	03/19/2024	{{c1::Varicocele}} is caused by dilated veins in the pampiniform plexus due to increased venous pressure
Published	03/19/2024	{{c2::Varicocele}} presents as scrotal swelling with a palpable "{{c1::bag of worms}}" while standing
Published	03/19/2024	Varicocele most commonly occurs on the {{c1::left}} side of the body
Published	03/19/2024	What is the effect of varicocele on fertility? {{c1::Decreased}}
Published	03/19/2024	What imaging technique may be used to diagnose a varicocele?{{c1::Ultrasound with Doppler}}
Published	03/19/2024	Which sex chromosome disorder is associated with gynecomastia, female hair distribution, tall/long extremities and eunuchoid body shape in a male? {{c…
Published	03/19/2024	What is the level of testosterone in a patient with Klinefelter syndrome?{{c1::Decreased (seminiferous tubule dysgenesis, abnormal Leydig cell functio…
Published	03/19/2024	Klinefelter syndrome is associated with testicular {{c1::atrophy::size}}
Published	03/19/2024	Cystic fibrosis may cause {{c1::infertility}} in men due to congenital bilateral absence of the {{c2::vas deferens}}
Published	03/19/2024	What drug class do fluoxetine and paroxetine belong to?{{c1::SSRIs}}
Published	03/19/2024	SSRIs can cause sexual dysfunction, such as {{c1::anorgasmia}} and decreased libido
Published	03/19/2024	Clomiphene results in {{c1::increased}} release of FSH and LH from the pituitary
Published	03/19/2024	What is the mechanism of action of finasteride?{{c1::5α-reductase inhibitor}}
Published	03/19/2024	What drug class do vardenafil, tadalafil, and sildenafil belong to?{{c1::PDE-5 inhibitors}}
Published	03/19/2024	Alprostadil and Misoprostol are analogues of {{c1::PGE1}}
Published	03/19/2024	PDE-5 inhibitors (e.g. sildenafil, tadalafil) are indicated for {{c1::Erectile Dysfunction}} by way of increasing blood flow in the {{c2::corpus caver…
Published	03/19/2024	Which nucleus of the Hypothalamus is responsible for both thermoregulation and sexual behavior?{{c1::Preoptic Nucleus}}
Published	03/19/2024	In teenagers, the most common anatomic deformity that increases the risk of testicular torsion is the {{c1::Bell Clapper deformity}}
Published	03/19/2024	Testicular torsion may lead to infertility and thus is treated with urgent {{c1::surgery}}
Published	03/19/2024	Patients with cryptorchidism typically have the testis remain in the abdomen or the {{c1::inguinal canal}}
Published	03/19/2024	Testicular torsion is treated with orchiopexy (surgery) on {{c1::both::affected/both}} testes
Published	03/19/2024	Anabolic steroid use = {{c1::↔}} testosterone and {{c1::↓}} GnRH, LH, FSH
Published	03/19/2024	Dorsally-hooded foreskin = {{c1::hypospadias::cause}}
Published	03/19/2024	When should cryptorchidism be surgically corrected with orchiopexy?{{c1::By 1 year}}
Published	03/19/2024	{{c1::Hypospadias}} is characterized by a ventrally displaced urethral opening and dorsal hooded foreskin
Published	03/19/2024	What is the next step in management of hypospadias?{{c1::Urology evaluation}}
Published	03/19/2024	Severe hypospadias may present with the urethral opening on the {{c1::perineum}} or {{c1::scrotum}}
Published	03/19/2024	{{c1::Degarelix}} is a(n) {{c2::GnRH antagonist}} used to treat prostate cancer
Published	03/19/2024	Sildenafil causes cyanopia via inhibition of {{c1::PDE-6}} in the retina
Published	03/19/2024	Klinefelter syndrome may present with {{c1::decreased}} libido
Published	03/19/2024	Cryptorchidism may be complicated by {{c1::testicular torsion}} since the undescended testicle is not properly secured inferiorly
Published	03/19/2024	What is the treatment for cryptorchidism (decreases cancer risk)?{{c1::Surgery (orchiopexy)}}
Published	03/19/2024	Path of sperm through the male reproductive system:{{c1::Seminiferous tubules}}{{c1::Tubulus rectus}}{{c1::Rete testis}}(leaves testicles){{c3::Effere…
Published	03/19/2024	In males, {{c1::Anti-Mullerian Hormone::signal}} causes degeneration of the paramesonephric ducts
Published	03/19/2024	In males,{{c1::testosterone}} => differentiation of mesonephric ducts{{c1::DHT}} => differentiation of external genitaliaIn females,{{c2::estrog…
Published	03/19/2024	In males,{{c1::SRY}} is the master gene for testes development{{c1::SOX9}} also induces testes differentiation{{c1::SF1}} stimulates differentiation o…
Published	03/19/2024	The most common cause of ambiguous genitalia is {{c1::congenital adrenal hyperplasia::condition}}, which is caused by a deficiency of one the ste…
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Published	03/19/2024	{{c2::Spermatogonia}} are {{c1::di}}ploid{{c2::Primary spermatocytes}} are {{c1::di}}ploid{{c2::Secondary spermatocytes}} are {{c1::ha}…
Published	03/19/2024	During spermatogenesis, {{c1::primary spermatocytes::cell type}} undergo meiosis I to become {{c1::secondary spermatocytes::cell type}}
Published	03/19/2024	During spermatogenesis, {{c1::secondary spermatocytes::cell type}} undergo meiosis II to become {{c1::spermatids::cell type}}
Published	03/19/2024	{{c1::Sertoli cells::cell type}} secrete AMH/MIS in the male reproductive system
Published	03/19/2024	SRY activates another transcription factor called {{c1::SOX9}}, which initiates differentiation of {{c2::Sertoli cells::cell type}}
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Published	03/19/2024	When treating testicular cancer, patients should be offered {{c1::sperm banking}} to preserve fertility prior to initiating chemotherapy or retro…
Published	03/19/2024	Which PDE-5 inhibitor has the longest half-life?{{c1::Tadalafil}}
Published	03/19/2024	One of the side effects of tadalafil is {{c1::back}} pain
Published	03/19/2024	Most OTC lubricants {{c1::are::are/are not}} spermicidal
Published	03/19/2024	What is the first-line pharmacologic treatment for infertility due to low testosterone in a male?{{c1::Clomiphene citrate}}
Published	03/19/2024	Surgical repair of inguinal hernias with mesh placement can lead to infertility due to {{c1::fibrosis of vas deferens}}
Published	03/19/2024	Which of the following drugs is not a gonadotoxin?
Published	03/19/2024	Patients should not try to conceive for {{c1::2 years::time}} after chemotherapy
Published	03/19/2024	The most common cause of male infertility is {{c1::varicocele}}
Published	03/19/2024	If hypospadias/epispadias are not repaired in childhood, they may lead to {{c1::infertility}} in adulthood
Published	03/19/2024	Ultrasound of varicocele will show {{c1::reversal of flow on Doppler}}
Published	03/19/2024	FSH low, sperm count low = problem with {{c1::obstruction::obstruction/production}}FSH high, sperm count low = problem with {{c1::production::obs…
Published	03/19/2024	Normal amount of ejaculate volume is {{c1::1.5}} - {{c1::5.0}} cc
Published	03/19/2024	Adequate sperm count is > {{c1::15 million}} per cc
Published	03/19/2024	Adequate sperm motility is > {{c1::32}} %
Published	03/19/2024	The secretions of the {{c1::seminal vesicle}} make up 70% of the semen by volume
Published	03/19/2024	The glands of the seminal vesicle secrete a(n) {{c1::alkaline::pH}} fluid, while the glands of the prostate secrete a(n) {{c1::acidic::…
Published	03/19/2024	During adulthood, patients with undiagnosed Klinefelter syndrome are most likely to come to medical attention for {{c1::infertilit…
Published	03/19/2024	{{c1::Azoospermia}} = absence of sperm in ejaculate{{c1::Aspermia}} = absence of ejaculate
Published	03/19/2024	{{c1::Oligospermia}} = sperm concentration < 15 million per cc
Published	03/19/2024	{{c1::Asthenozoospermia}} = sperm motility < 32%
Published	03/19/2024	{{c1::Teratozoospermia}} = most of the sperm have abnormal morphology
Published	03/19/2024	Which neurotransmitter(s) increase libido?{{c1::Dopamine}}
Published	03/19/2024	Which neurotransmitter(s) decrease libido?{{c1::Serotonin and norepinephrine}}
Published	03/19/2024	The {{c1::sympathetic}} nervous system is responsible for detumescence
Published	03/19/2024	The {{c1::tunica albuginea::fascia}} surrounds the corpora cavernosa and helps to compress veins to maintain erection
Published	03/19/2024	The {{c1::ischiocavernosus}} muscle pumps blood into the corpus cavernosum to help with erection
Published	03/19/2024	In men, the {{c1::bulbospongiosus}} muscles compress the bulb of the penis and corpus spongiosum, and aid in emptying the urethra and assist in erecti…
Published	03/19/2024	In men, the corpus {{c1::spongiosum}} surrounds the urethra
Published	03/19/2024	The corpora cavernosa are supplied by the {{c1::deep penile}} arteries, and they are drained by the {{c2::deep dorsal}} vein
Published	03/19/2024	The glans and skin are supplied by the {{c1::dorsal penile}} arteries, and the corpora cavernosa are supplied by the {{c2::deep penile}} arteries
Published	03/19/2024	The deep penile and dorsal penile arteries are derivatives of the {{c1::internal}} iliac artery
Published	03/19/2024	During childhood, patients with undiagnosed Klinefelter syndrome are most likely to come to medical attention for {{c1::learning disabilities}}
Published	03/19/2024	The testicles are supplied by {{c1::1) Testicular artery (aorta) 2) Cremasteric artery (inferior epigastric artery via external iliac artery) 3) …
Published	03/19/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5606:top=.2787:width=.1346:height=.0609:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5631:top=.3451:width=.19:height=.0467:…
Published	03/19/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.3295:top=.3962:width=.0627:height=.0751:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1629:top=.4769:width=.174:height=.0538…
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