Notes in Neoplasia 2

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Published	08/28/2024	Sunlight produces {{c2::UV radiation}}, which can lead to {{c1::skin}} cancer.
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Nitrosamines}} are implicated as potent carcinogens causing {{c2::GI tract}} cancers, especially {{c2::esophageal}} and {{c2::stomach}} cancers.…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons}} have been identified in cigarette smoke ({{c1::3,4-benzpyrene}} causing lung cancer).
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Dibenzanthracene}}, a class of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, have been implicated in causing cancers of the {{c2::skin}}, {{c2::soft tissue}…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Vinyl chloride (plastics)}}, a subset of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, have been implicated in causing {{c2::angiosarcomas of the liver}}. (…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Aflatoxin B1}} is a natural product of the fungus Aspergillus flavus. Among the most potent {{c2::liver}} carcinogens.
Published	08/28/2024	To which areas are Aflatoxin B1 (liver carcinogen) endemic?
Published	08/28/2024	Aromatic amines like {{c1::naphthylamine}} and {{c1::Azo (aniline) dyes}} are both indirect acting.They may cause both {{c2::urinary bladder}} and {{c…
Published	08/28/2024	Metals and inorganics such as {{c1::nickel}} ({{c2::lung}} and {{c2::nasal}} cancer), and {{c1::arsenic}} ({{c2::skin}} cancer), can react with cell m…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Anticancer}} drugs such as Cytoxin (Cyclophosphamide), can cause {{c2::bladder}} cancers.
Published	08/28/2024	The effects of UV radiation include: 1. {{c1::enzyme}} inactivation2. inhibition of {{c1::cell division}}3. {{c1::mutagenesis}}4. {{c1::cell deat…
Published	08/28/2024	The most important biochemical effect of UV radiation is the formation of {{c1::pyrimidine dimers}} of DNA, a type of DNA damage not seen with any oth…
Published	08/28/2024	What are some of the cancers found in survivors of the Hiroshima & Nagasaki bombing? (8 total)
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Chronic myelogenous leukemia}} is an indolent (slow-growing) cancer in which too many myeloblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow.
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Multiple myeloma}} is a cancer of plasma cells, when plasma cells become cancerous and grow out of control.The plasma cells make an abnorma…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Papillary carcinoma of thyroid}} is the most common thyroid tumor.
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Asbestos}} is a material widely used in construction (ship-building), old home insulation, and manufacturing (old brake linings), is a family of…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Mesothelioma}} is a malignant tumor arising from the mesothelium, can be due to asbestos exposure.
Published	08/28/2024	Which five cancers are caused by viral infection?
Published	08/28/2024	Human papillomavirus is a DNA virus that induces lesions that progress to {{c1::squamous cell carcinoma. }}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Hepatitis B}} virus is a DNA virus that only infects humans. Epidemiological studies have clearly established an association between chroni…
Published	08/28/2024	Chronic HCV (Hepatitis C virus) can increase risk of {{c1::hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). }}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c3::Epstein-Barr}} virus (a DNA herpesvirus) infects B-cell lymphs and causes diseases such as infectious mono and chronic fatigue syndrome as well …
Published	08/28/2024	Kaposi's sarcoma is a type of {{c1::angio}}sarcoma.
Published	08/28/2024	Human oncogenes are mutated normal cellular genes ({{c1::proto-oncogenes}}) that normally encode for proteins important for basic cell function that r…
Published	08/28/2024	What are the four ways in which proto-oncogenes can be transformed into oncogenes?
Published	08/28/2024	Proto-oncogenes can be converted to oncogenes by {{c1::point mutations,}} which include a single base substitution in the DNA chain, resulting in a mi…
Published	08/28/2024	Point mutations have been observed in a number of human cancers carrying a mutated "{{c1::ras}}" gene, as well as the "{{c1::erb-b}}," responsible for…
Published	08/28/2024	Proto-oncogenes can be converted to oncogenes via {{c1::gene amplification}}, by which the cell acquires an increased number of copies of the proto-on…
Published	08/28/2024	Proto-oncogenes can be converted to oncogenes via {{c1::chromosomal rearrangement}}. This includes a translocation of one chromosomal fragment on…
Published	08/28/2024	5ebcdff4ce4f432499835b6463dd55ca-oa-1
Published	08/28/2024	Proto-oncogenes can be converted to oncogenes by {{c1::insertion of the viral genome}}. This causes insertional mutagenesis, typical of slow, transfor…
Published	08/28/2024	What are the two best-known tumor suppressor genes?
Published	08/28/2024	A loss of p53 or its mutation results in {{c1::colon}} or {{c1::breast}} carcinoma.
Published	08/28/2024	Li-Fraumeni syndrome is caused by a mutation of {{c1::p53}} which can lead to abnormal progression of DNA damage.
Published	08/28/2024	Neutrophils are usually involved in {{c1::acute}} inflammation, while lymphocytes are involved in {{c1::chronic}} inflammation.
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Apoptotic}} cells are recognized by nuclear fragmentation and pyknosis of individual cells or small groups of cells, on a background of viable c…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::PDL-I (programmed death ligand)}} is a transmembrane protein which acts as an immunosuppressant ligand. This induces immune tolerance to {{…
Published	08/28/2024	Which cancers are associated with PDL-I?
Published	08/28/2024	Histological tumor grading is based on the degree of {{c1::anaplasia}} and on the number of proliferating cells.
Published	08/28/2024	Grading by pathologist: Grade I tumors are {{c1::well-differentiated}} tumors. Grade II tumors are {{c1::moderately differentiated}} tumorsG…
Published	08/28/2024	Cancer staging is done by the {{c1::oncologist}}. It is called the TNM cancer staging system and gives a number designation to {{c1::tumor size}}…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Adenocarcinoma of the lung}} is the most common type of lung cancer in non-smokers.
Published	08/28/2024	Nasopharyngeal cancer is rare in most of the world except in regions of {{c1::China}}, {{c1::Hong Kong}} and {{c1::Singapore}}. This is associate…
Published	08/28/2024	The highest incidence of {{c1::stomach}} cancer occurs in {{c2::Japan}} and {{c2::Latin American}} countries, particularly {{c2::Chile}}, and {{c2::Ir…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Esophageal}} cancer's cause is obscure, but a combination of smoking and alcohol abuse is associated with extremely high risk. High among {…
Published	08/28/2024	The highest incidence of colorectal cancer is found in the {{c1::U.S.}}, 3-4 x more common that in India, Japan, Africa, and Latin America.
Published	08/28/2024	There is a strong correlation between {{c1::Hepatocellular Carcinoma}} and the prevalence of Hepatitis B and C, as well as high levels of Aflatoxin B1…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Testicular}} cancer is universally rare among black populations, the rate about 1/4 that of whites, but higher than African blacks.
Published	08/28/2024	High rates of skin cancer have been reported in {{c1::Australia}} and the white population in the {{c1::American Southwest}}. Lowest rates are fo…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Breast}} cancer: adrenocarcinoma is the most common female cancer in many parts of Europe and North America. Rates in {{c2::African}} and {…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Cervical}} cancer incidence differs along socioeconomic lines (higher incidence = lower SES). Directly correlated with early sexual activit…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Prostate}} cancer is the #2 cancer that metastasizes to bone (behind breast CA).
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Prostate}} cancer has very low incidences in the {{c2::Asian}} populations, whereas the highest rates described are in {{c2::American blacks}}, …
Published	08/28/2024	Cancer of the {{c1::Penis}}: this squamous carcinoma is virtually nonexistent among {{c2::circumcised}} men of any race. Common in many parts of {{c2:…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Choriocarcinoma}} is an uncommon cancer of trophoblastic differentiation, found principally in women following a pregnancy. Can also presen…
Published	08/28/2024	Most common urinary bladder cancer is {{c1::transitional cell carcinoma}}. Another cancer type is {{c1::squamous cell carcinoma}} of the bladder,…
Published	08/28/2024	Burkitt Lymphoma is a disease of children. First described in Uganda. Still endemic in parts of Africa today (noted that these area areas where {…
Published	08/28/2024	Multiple myeloma is uncommon among {{c1::American whites}}, but displays a 3-4 times higher incidence in {{c2::American and South African blacks.}}
Published	08/28/2024	Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is common among elderly persons in {{c1::Europe}} and {{c1::North America}}, but is considerably less common in {{c1::Jap…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Paraneoplastic}} syndromes are caused by various substances secreted by the tumor cells.
Published	08/28/2024	Tumors growing into the lumens of hollow organs, invasion of tumor into bood vessels, and compression of adjacent tissue are all examples of {{c1::loc…
Published	08/28/2024	Cachexia, anorexia, and weight loss are all examples of {{c1::systemic}} symptoms of cancer.
Published	08/28/2024	Tumor cells may release pyrogens, or the responding inflammatory cells in the tumor stroma may release pyrogens (these can cause a {{c1::fever of unkn…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Cushing's syndrome}} is a type of paraneoplastic endocrine syndrome. Due to ectopic secretion of ACTH by a small cell carcinoma of the lung…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Inappropriate antidiuresis}} is a paraneoplastic syndrome caused by the production of ectopic ADH. Due to a small cell carcinoma, prostate …
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Hypercalcemia}} affects 10% of all cancer patients. Usually caused by metastatic disease of bone and bone breakdown by osteoclasts.
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Eaton-Lambert syndrome}} (example of a paraneoplastic neuromuscular disorder) is an uncommon neuromuscular disorder that is strongly associated …
Published	08/28/2024	The most common hematologic complication of neoplastic disease results from direct infiltration of the marrow. {{c1::Pancytopenia}} results when …
Published	08/28/2024	One of the most common findings in patients with cancer is anemia (due to {{c1::pancytopenia}}).
Published	08/28/2024	There is an associated between cancer of the {{c1::pancreas}} and venous thrombosis, most commonly in the deep veins of the legs.
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